Relationship Between Language Culture And Identity English Language Essay

Relationship Between Language Culture And Identity English Language Essay Relationships among language, culture and identity have become a favourite topic in social science for decades. In his book Primitive Culture, Edward Tylor (1871) defines culture that as complex whole which includes knowledge, morals, beliefs, art, law technology and  any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member  of the society. Being human being communicative, interestingly, language reveals much more what we actually speak out, not only a means of communication. The Sapir Whorf hypothesis states that the structure of a language influences  the ways in which its speakers conceptualize their world  or otherwise affects their cognitive processes. The cultural worldview of a man is presented by the language and reflected through his responses in a specific period of time. Cultures are maintained from generation to generation and affected by geographical location and history of that nation as well as the interaction of that people over time. Simultaneously, language also develops to meet the need of communication of people. Therefore, it can be stated that your  language can reveal many things about your identity. It can disclose your nationality, culture, religion, age, gender, level of education, socio-economic class or your profession. Mendoza-Denton (2002:475) defines  identity to mean the active negotiation of an individuals relationship with larger social constructs. It means that identity  is reflected in the language we use, our word choices in identifying ourselves as well as in the words we choose not to use. Language is part of ones identity. Understanding the nature of the relationship between language and culture is central to the process of learning another language.It is also a chance for language learners to discover or re-discover and more appreciate his or her identiy. With my limited understanding about socialinguistic and my eagerness to more learning about a useful subject that enriches me a language teacher the knowledge of languages role soceity as well as the implications for language teaching and language policy, I would like to discuss the following contents: A. Discuss the relationship between language, culture and identity The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis Intercultural communication Language as a core value and indentity B. What are the implications for language teaching and language policy Language policy Language and power CONTENT A. The relationship between language, culture and identity The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis In linguistics, the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis states that each language holds an own way to present its meaning that can not be understood by those belong to another language. Native languages are concerned to strongly affect peoples thinking. Whofianism is another popular name for this hypothesis and is often defined as having two versions: The strong version linguistic determinism that  states that the language you speak determines the way that you will interpret the world around you. In this case, interlocutors think much of how to speak to best express their ideas and how to avoid misunderstanding caused by spoken words. For example, in Vietnamese culture, when visiting a newborn baby, we usually say that she/ he is very ugly to mean that the baby is so cute. Vietnamese do not use direct saying to compliment a newborn baby. In Western culture, questions about ages or marriage status are considered impolite. The weak version that linguistic categories (part of speech)  and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behaviour. The strong version of this hypothesis has been mostly discarded but the weak form of the hypothesis is generally accepted. Defintion of UG of Noam Chomsky (1957) also states that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language. Language is governed by a set of highly abstract principles that provide parameters which are given particular settings in different languages. This set of rules is known as universal grammar. Articles in Englis such as a/an, the or gender of language mascular, feminine in French maybe appropriate examples for this part. Intercultural communication Intercultural communication generally refers to face to face interactions among people. If the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language, intercultural communication, according to Samovar and Porter (1991), occurs when a member of one culture understands a produced by another whose culture is different from him. It is a good idea to use title such as Mr Mrs or Dr along with a family name in a business discussion in some parts of Europe. The first name used without permission is considered direspectful. In Japanese culture, long pauses in a conversation are normal, especially after a question. They need time to think over it. However, in other cultures, it is comfortable if interlocutors keep silence in a dialogue, there will be someone to speak to end the silence. To work together without problems, people need to understand their differences. People belonging to diverse culture are still able to understand their language each other, though, there are the potential misunderstanding and disagreement. Learning about intercultural communication is a very good idea to reduce this risk. And a language teacher as a language messenger must realize this. Language as a core value and identity Mendoza-Denton (2002:475) defines  identity to mean the active negotiation of an individuals relationship with larger social constructs. These social constructs have been understood as comprising gender, ethnicity, and class following Gumprez (1982) in some of the earliest work on identity. Ones identity was understood as whom you were, and who we are or how we are seen by others may involve differing identities. According to Zimmerman (1998), there are three types of identity: Discourse identity which is revealed through particular discourse and presented by speakers, hearers. Situational identity which is revealed through the specific situation. For example, a person who is half Italian half French may want to identify with a particular ethnicity in some social situation. (e.g., attending a soccer game). This choice may even be crucial for his personal security. Transportable identity which applies across situations and discourse and includes such constructs as ethnic, gender, and age. I would like to mention my ideal woman- Hillary Clinton and her concession to Barack Obama in 2008. In order to successfully reposition herself from an opponent to a supporter of Obama, Clinton draws on several aspects of her transportable identity to stress the similarity between herself and Obama. Next to focusing on the fact that they are both Democrats, Americans and human beings, she zooms in on their membership of two powerless groups: namely that of women and African Americans. Both from a historical and a personal perspective, these two categorizations of herself and Obama are presented in a highly persuasive way and create unity between the two former opponents. A mans identity can disclose his nationality, culture, age, profession and socio economic class. Defined by the article  Understanding Racism,  a defining feature of a persons identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living (Understanding Racism, sect.1). This clearly shows the importance of language, culture, and heritage in forming and shaping ones personality. In my real teaching, my students are usually given the difference from phonetic transcribtion between British English and American English to distinguish the origin of the words, therefore; they are parlty trained the way of word usage for the better speaking and writing as well. The difference in writing is also explained sometimes when needed. British English American English Vocabulary block apartment   call box   phone booth pavement sidewalk yard   garden   holiday   vacation   postman   mailman   Pronunciation tomato /tÉâ„ ¢mÉ‘:tÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  / /tÉâ„ ¢mÉÅ ¾itÃŽÂ ¿ÃƒÅ Ã…  / photo /à ¡Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  tÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  / /ˈfoÊÅ  toÊÅ  / psychology /sÉ‘É ªÃƒâ€¹Ã‹â€ kÉ’lÉâ„ ¢dÊ’i/ /sÉ‘É ªÃƒâ€¹Ã‹â€ kÉ‘Ë lÉâ„ ¢dÊ’É ª/ important /É ªmˈpɆ:tnt/ /É ªmˈpɆ:rnt/ vase /vÉ‘Ë z/ /veÉ ªz/ /veÉ ªs/ Our pronunciation of the words, our grammartical structure usage, and our utterance reveal how we view ourselves linguistically. Our language choice reflects more than the way we view ourselves. Teenagers words might be quite different from their older generations might use. That is the way how we are viewd by soceity as well. According to Rembo (2004: 33-34), A persons social identity comes from an individuals knowledge of himself as an individual in relationship to others. It can be stated that we construct our identity by how we perceive ourselves in the eyes of others. Language is not only a means of communication but also self-identification. In a globalization communication, learning other languages as a second language positively promotes intercultural understanding across languages and cultures. In addition, personally, this is also an ideal way especially for the youth of every country become aware of how our behaviours and social attitudes have been shaped by the languages and cultures we experience. The implications for language teaching and policy Learning and teaching another language will be more interested once we discover the beauty of language and successfully convey to learners. It should be exploited effectively for a better teaching; therefore, a motivated learning might be obtained. Learning a new language means accessing a new culture. Teaching students how to internalize selectively is also a leading concern a language teacher should pay much attention to besides conveying the beauty of that second language. Being a language teacher, I assum that we should realize deeply Language and Power as well as Language Policy to have an appropriate thinking to do teaching in the classroom. Language and Power During the period of domination in some countries, whether colonizers governed directly or indirectly, the political and cultural of those were greatly affected. The peoples wealth was the colonizers real aim. However, economic and political control can never be obtained without mental control. It means that once language, which is part of culture, the tool of self-definition in relationship to other nations is under controlled, that people will be truly colonized. Well understanding power of language will help students more motivated to learn the standard language as well as to selectively uncover what they take for granted and internalize as personal failure. Language Policy Language Policy is what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages (Wikipedia) In terms of this definition, an overview about the status of reality of teaching and learning English language in Viet Nam would be best to support this part of my writing. Since its open door policy in the mid 1980s, Viet Nam has welcomed many foreign organizations to invest and establish their business. As a result the demand for English increased greatly in all aspects The Government of Vietnam is devoted to developing English language skills on a long-term strategic basis to compete more effectively in international markets and thereby achieve sustainable economic growth. One of the biggest reflections to push this strategy is a project whose title is Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages in the National Education System, Period 2008-2020 by the Ministry of Education which was approved by Prime Minister. The authority promotes this project to obtain a result that, by 2020, the majority of young Vietnamese will be able to use English communicate confidently and be able to study and work in a multi-lingual and multi-cultural environment; thus the industrialisation and modernisation of the country will be contributed by the more dynamic and better integrated young Vietnamese people. Common knowledge in many other fields at school is a background and English as a secon language is a key to get success for the youth and the development of the country as well. In this setting, the implications for language teaching and policy  therefore vast and far reaching. Policy makers should specify their guidelines the teaching of culture in foreign language pedagogy. Curriculum should be implemented on the basis of being linguistically, culturally, and developmentally appropriate for students. A comparison between the target-language culture and the native language culture is essential to help learners avoid the mono-cultural view. As a teacher of language, one must be culturally aware  target language culture as well as the students, thus avoiding any cultural misinterpretations. CONCLUSION Language and culture are deeply related and dependent on each other. Language is formed by culture, while culture is influenced by language. Furthermore, language is not only an expression and a display of heritage and history, it is also the component of culture that makes it unique, and that creates a difference from one to another. Cultural identity is an important contributor to peoples wellbeing. Identifying with a particular culture helps people feel they belong and gives them a sense of security. However, strong cultural identity expressed in the wrong way can contribute to barriers between groups. And members of smaller cultural groups can feel excluded from society if others obstruct, or are intolerant of, their cultural practices. Peple in different cultures hold different way to view the world. As a language teacher, I now understand that it is very important to be aware of target language culture as well as the students, thus avoiding potential misinterpretations.

A Comparison of Escape in Madam Bovary and Anna Karenina :: comparison compare contrast essays

Escape in Madam Bovary  and Anna Karenina    Reading provides an escape for people from the ordinariness of everyday life. Madame Bovary and Anna Karenina, dissatisfied with their lives pursued their dreams of ecstasy and love through reading. At the beginning of both novels Anna Karenina and Emma Bovary made active decisions about their future although these decisions were not always rational. As their lives started to disintegrate Emma and Anna sought to live out their dreams and fantasies through reading. Reading served as morphine allowing them to escape the pain of everyday life, but reading like morphine closed them off from the rest of the world preventing them from making rational decisions. It was Anna and Emma's loss of reasoning and isolation that propelled them toward their downfall.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emma at the beginning of the novel was someone who made active decisions about what she wanted. She saw herself as the master of her destiny. Her affair with Rudolphe was made after her decision to live out her fantasies and escape the ordinariness of her life and her marriage to Charles. Emma's active decisions though were based increasingly as the novel progresses on her fantasies. The lechery to which she falls victim is a product of the debilitating adventures her mind takes. These adventures are feed by the novels that she reads.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They were filled with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses, postriders killed at every relay, horses ridden to death on every page, dark forests, palpitating hearts, vows, sobs, tears and kisses, skiffs in the moonlight, nightingales in thickets, and gentlemen brave as lions gentle as lambs, virtuous as none really is, and always ready to shed floods of tears.(Flaubert 31.)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emma's already impaired reasoning and disappointing marriage to Charles caused Emma to withdraw into reading books, she fashioning herself a life based not in reality but in fantasy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anna Karenina at the begging of Tolstoy's novel was a bright and energetic women. When Tolstoy first introduces us to Anna she appears as the paragon of virtue, a women in charge of her own destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He felt that he had to have another look at her- not because A Comparison of Escape in Madam Bovary and Anna Karenina :: comparison compare contrast essays Escape in Madam Bovary  and Anna Karenina    Reading provides an escape for people from the ordinariness of everyday life. Madame Bovary and Anna Karenina, dissatisfied with their lives pursued their dreams of ecstasy and love through reading. At the beginning of both novels Anna Karenina and Emma Bovary made active decisions about their future although these decisions were not always rational. As their lives started to disintegrate Emma and Anna sought to live out their dreams and fantasies through reading. Reading served as morphine allowing them to escape the pain of everyday life, but reading like morphine closed them off from the rest of the world preventing them from making rational decisions. It was Anna and Emma's loss of reasoning and isolation that propelled them toward their downfall.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emma at the beginning of the novel was someone who made active decisions about what she wanted. She saw herself as the master of her destiny. Her affair with Rudolphe was made after her decision to live out her fantasies and escape the ordinariness of her life and her marriage to Charles. Emma's active decisions though were based increasingly as the novel progresses on her fantasies. The lechery to which she falls victim is a product of the debilitating adventures her mind takes. These adventures are feed by the novels that she reads.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They were filled with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses, postriders killed at every relay, horses ridden to death on every page, dark forests, palpitating hearts, vows, sobs, tears and kisses, skiffs in the moonlight, nightingales in thickets, and gentlemen brave as lions gentle as lambs, virtuous as none really is, and always ready to shed floods of tears.(Flaubert 31.)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emma's already impaired reasoning and disappointing marriage to Charles caused Emma to withdraw into reading books, she fashioning herself a life based not in reality but in fantasy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anna Karenina at the begging of Tolstoy's novel was a bright and energetic women. When Tolstoy first introduces us to Anna she appears as the paragon of virtue, a women in charge of her own destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He felt that he had to have another look at her- not because

Hilton Hotel

These things that I learned at last lesson: 1)Product and service difference: Basically ; Products are tangible and services are intangible. For example; Apple Iphone, Coffe Mocha at Starbucks are products,but healthy services sector,home repair service,wireless communication,trip to somewhere ;they dont result ownership of anything. 2)Customer vs. consumer :Customer and consumer are not same things. For example;mother buy napkin for her baby and then baby consume it in this situation baby is a consumer, mother is a customer . )Sales dont mean to marketing. Sales cover just selling but marketing process makes the broad strategy. Selling and advertising are only part of larger ‘marketing mix’ marketers purpose satisfying customer needs. 4)Consumer Behavior:’The behavior that consumers display in searching for purchasing,using,evaulating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs’. When ? decide to buy new product what fa ctors influence on me?A)External factors:cultural,social,family roles&status,reference groups B)Internal factors:psychological factors(motivation,perception,learning,belief and attitudes) * Consumer behavior includes all the decisions a consumer makes when spending their time and money. The what,why,when,where,and how of consumer purchases are examined. 5)Two consumer entities Personal consumer:the individual who buys goods &services for his or her own use for household use. Organizational consumer:Business,government Marketing Concept: Production orientation:company wanted efficient production lines ,not focused product variation.Sales Orientation:overproduction,excess product Marketing concept:focus on customer,expectations of customer,marketers become more sophisticated in understanding the consumer and delivering products that meet their need. Societal Marketing Concept:Consider consumers long run best interest,in this concept marketers are consciousof negative effect health,env ironment. * Fair trade: trying to give support manufacturer,especially poor companies such as Africa Endonesia. Segmentation,targeting,positioning:Segment:share simialr meet and expectations and enables marketers to target consumers.Divide the total market into smaller segments. (segmentation) Types of segmentation:geographic,demographic(age gender,family size,family life-cycle Marketing mix: The set of tactical marketing tool. 4P=PRODUCT,PLACE,PROMOTION,PRICE. P roduct;goods&services combination. Place;includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. for example;using social networks,internet stores. Promotion;activities that malke product availableto target customers,and persuade. (public relation,advertisement,selling process. Customer value:Perceived value is relative and subjective.Developing a value proposition(unique selling proposition) is critical in attaining successful positioning of a broad Customer trust: Recommendation,word of mouth infl uence on customers,newspaper,websites Customer retention:loyal customer:buy more products, are less price sensitive Customer profitibality-focused marketing: BCG growth-share matrix=each produsct hs different contribution(star,question mark,cash cow,dog) Platinum- heavy user,not price sensitive Gold-heavy user but not as profitable Iron Lead-like dogs in bcg approaches SEYMA TEMEL-135710019 Hilton Hotel News Brief Hilton Hotels tops in customer satisfaction http://planyourmeetings. com/2006/06/01/hilton-hotels-tops-in-customer-satisfaction/ By Kristi Casey Sanders Published: June 1, 2006 Hilton Hotels Corporation leads the hotel industry in customer satisfaction, according to the latest statistics from the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). With a score of 78 points out of a possible 100, Hilton took the leadership position among the seven hotel companies mentioned in the survey. Overall, the hotel industry improved 3 percent to 75, equaling its highest score since 1994. Hilton takes great pride in its ACSI customer satisfaction score, which confirms the results of an unparalleled focus and commitment by the 74,000 team members at our owned and managed hotel properties across the country to deliver the best in guest service,† said Dieter Huckestein, president – hotel operations owned and managed for Hilton Hotels Corporation. Hilton’s portfolio of 2,000 hotels includes Hilton, Doubletree, Embassy Suites Hotels, Hampton Inn, Hampton Inn & Suites, Hilton Garden Inn and Homewood Suites by Hilton.The ACSI is produced through a partnership of the University of Michigan Business School, ASQ, and CFI Group, which measures customer satisfaction in the competitive hotel industry on a regular basis. The ACSI is updated on a rolling basis. New scores for the hotel industry replace those collected one year ago and are added to scores of five other sectors of the economy measured during the intervening year. One sector that didn’t fare well was the airline industry, which dropped 1. percent to 65, its lowest score since the industry was rocked by 9/11. Southwest Airlines still rules the industry at 74. US Airways made the industry’s biggest jump, improving nearly 9 percent to 62. Northwest Airlines, on the other hand, dropped 4. 7 percent to 61, taking last place in the industry as it struggles with strikes and a Chapter 11 bankr uptcy filing. The overall decline was attributed to the airlines’ struggle with labor contracts, bankruptcies and higher fuel prices, leaving consumers feeling they are getting less for their money.

The Effects Of Schizophrenia - 1098 Words

Antipsychotic agents are the most commonly used treatments for schizophrenia. However, more than two-thirds of patients suspended antipsychotic treatment in 18 months. [8] Although the drug is unlikely to be due to various factors in patients with schizophrenia, not all of these factors are a problem, such as negative attitude towards drugs. There was a questionnaire consisted of six questions about adverse events. The first question is whether the patient was suffering from any adverse events. The last question aimed to check whether the patients reaction and other adverse events tolerated a specific or let them have changed their medicine. Multiple answers were about he patients’ toleration of the cause of specific symptoms. The†¦show more content†¦In a multiple regression model, the only important predictor of cortical volume change is total antipsychotic drugs received. Cortical volume changes without apparent and mental pathological changes, related functions, e xtrapyramidal symptoms and body mass index or the duration of the age, gender, and treatment of mental illness. So related brain capacity to reduce antipsychotic treatment is not limited to patients with poor results appear even the lowest effective dose of antipsychotic. In the short run, the lack of an adverse effects associated with poor response to treatment or therapy is reduced in volume of cortex reflect neurotoxicity. Reduced in volume, on the other hand, not with the curative effect of antipsychotic drugs. [11] Sleep dysfunction is a common issue in schizophrenia and psychosis. Most of patients faced this problems during their recovering. Common problems involve insomnia, light and noise interruption, and difficulties to fall asleep. This kind of issues can happen in all levels of schizophrenia regardless of ages and natural vulnerability and be relevant with compromised cognitive functions, reduced functional outcomes, and diminished ability to cope with stressful life events. [12] However, an important limitation is thatShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Schizophrenia815 Words   |  4 Pagesand has schizophrenia. According to Mayo Clinic â€Å"Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split personality or multiple personality. The word schizophrenia does me an split mind, but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking. Schizophrenia is a chronicRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On The Development Of Schizophrenia Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a life-long disorder that affects about one percent of the population (Mueser McGurk, 2004). The cause of this mental illness is still unclear. Studies have suggested that Schizophrenia does not arise from one factor but from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors (Liddle, 1987). People diagnosed with Schizophrenia struggle to deal with a multitude of symptoms that make it difficult to function (Mueser McGurk, 2004). Antipsychotic medicationsRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On The Development Of Schizophrenia2493 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that causes people to interpret reality abnormally. The disease is chronic, allowing it to potentially last for a span of years and must be medically diagnosed, with the possibility of medical treatment which can help. Schizophrenia often can result in hallucinations, disordered thinking as well as delusions. Although the specific cause of the disease is not formally known, genetics may assist in playing a role. The disease proves to not be a single diseaseRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1739 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Schizophrenia is one of the largest most delirious disorders that affect individuals all over the world. An individual diagnosed with schizophrenia loses touch of reality, confused by the world within their head and the outside world a.k.a. reality. If left untreated schizophrenia could have a largely negative impact on the individual and others around them. Because of this it is highly important that schizophrenics get the treatment they need, such as antipsychotic drugs, to get backRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Children1256 Words   |  6 Pagesas Schizophrenia has affected many people across the globe. Before advances in the 20th century mental health movement occurred, many thought that the symptoms conveyed by an individual with the disorder were demonically possessed (Walker and Tessner 2008). Today, more and more people are being properly educated about this disorder and understand its effects on individuals, however, there are misguided and false perceptions a bout it, similar to those prior to the 20th century. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreThe Bystander Effect And Schizophrenia981 Words   |  4 Pagestwo studies, â€Å"The Bystander Effect† â€Å"Schizophrenia,† Has opened questions about what we as individuals will or will not do when faced with different circumstances. Many of us would like to think that we would stand up for what is good and right, when â€Å"no one† seems to be watching. (Bystander Effect), however as shown in this social experiment as well as many others, that doesn’t seem to be the case. As in the â€Å"Bystander Effect,† People whom suffer from schizophrenia also face many other misconceptionsRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1195 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a considered a severely chronic, disabling brain disease. Sufferers that have schizophrenia tend to experience hallucinations, delusions and sometimes distorted reality. When an individual is diagnosed with schizophrenia, they are physically inept to acting out â€Å"everyday functions†. With careful research, it is now known nearly one percent of the American population develops schizophrenia. Unfortunately, t hat portion is about two million american citizens and the numbers are slowlyRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1464 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to World Health Organization schizophrenia is listed as the second highest contributor to overall burden of diseases. Schizophrenia is one of the most tragic diseases a human being can be afflicted with. The disorder involves disturbances in perception, thought, behavior, language, emotion and communication. The onset of symptoms begins most commonly in people who fall in the category of late teens to early twenties. In the United States alone one half to two and a half percent of the populationRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On People922 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is often depicted in film and media, and because the media has a powerful impact on people, individuals must be careful not to base their views solely on what they see and hear in movies because information may be misrepresented for entertainment purposes. In the films The Soloist and A Beautiful Mind, schizophrenic disorders are illustrated through the protagonists. When comparing these films with scholarly sources, it is apparent that the films appropriately represent the clinicalRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1819 Words   |  8 PagesSchizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which it is hard to distinguish the difference between what is real and what is not. Schizophrenia has been found throughout recorded history but was not considered a worthy medical condition until the eighteenth century. It is also considered today a leading public health problem that has enormous personal and economic costs worldwide. Schizophrenia involves a disturbance of thought, perception, emotion, movement, and behavior. The symptoms vary across

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1554 Words

The book, Pride and Prejudice, was authored by Jane Austen addressing manners of the social set up of her contemporary times in 1813. The story is centered on the life of Elizabeth Bennet (female protagonist of the book), one of five daughters and a second born to Mr. Bennet, who the author uses to explore matters of morality, upbringing, manners, and also marriage. The viewership of the story and portrayal of other characters is given through her experiences in the book. The story revolves around the subject of love between Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in the book, and Elizabeth Bennet. The first impression on Elizabeth shows that she is a smart, jovial and attractive person who can be choosy and has a habit of resorting to†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth Bennet is brought up by middle-class parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, in gentry land. Mrs. Bennet is portrayed as an arrogant and impulsive woman who cannot think beyond her emotional perception of a situation, even t or social interaction. Mr Bennet is shown to be smart and full of wit directed to his wife. He is also shown to tolerate the wife’s impulsiveness. â€Å"There is a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises at every attempt to intimidate me (Austen 306).† By use of the phrase, â€Å"†¦stubbornness†¦that never can bear to be frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Elizabeth is depicted as confident, and together with her sister Jane, they had always taken to the father’s sense of morality and therefore aspired to assist their sisters – Catherine who had low self-esteem and was always impatient to the point of irritation and Lydia who was stubborn, self-centered and careless – in a bid to inspire their maturity. This was, however, challenging, given their mothers’ support and influence on the sisters. The situation would late turn from a sibling concern to major issue when Lydia elo ped with Wickham. Wickham had previously deceived Elizabeth on the subject of Darcy. However, in a letter to Elizabeth, Darcy dispelled those lies, a move which allowed Elizabeth to see Wickham for who he was. She subsequently

The Negative Effect Of Animal Testing - 1989 Words

DTRP Written Report by Shi Jin Foundation studies 2015 Design Technology Research Project Animal testing The negative effect of animal testing Student: S3365788 Shi Jin (Anna) Group members: Najwa Elyna Binti Rosman s3499394 Teacher : Timothy Krysko Contents Part A. Research Report 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Analysis of findings 3.1 Research question 3.2 Results Outcomes 3.3 Recommendations 4. Conclusions 5. Limitations of research 6. Reference list 7. Appendices Part B. Professional reflection 1. Self-evaluation; Individual skills †¢ Research skills/Procedure †¢ Oral communication skills †¢ Organization skills 2. Self-evaluation; Expo performance †¢ Mode of delivery Justification †¢ Evaluation – Collaboration †¢ Evaluation – Research quality In this project ,my group members focus on the effect and alternatives of animal testing. Animal testing also known as animal experimentation or in-vivo research is the use of non-human animals in experiments, in other words, it is the procedure performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases. For example, test new medical products, to make sure it is safe for human use. There are many different species are used around the world, but the most common include mice, monkey, fish, rats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, cats, dogs. And farm animals, Currently, TheShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing, Why it Should be Eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals have been used for scientific testing since the ages of Aristotle and Erasistratus.   Should we continue using animals as our test subjects, or is it time for a change? Many argue over whether testing on animals is good or bad, this debate has been continuous because it has both positive and negative affects. Animal testing has been the cause of many scientific breakthroughs, but, these are overthrown by the negative impact that animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing : Inhumane And Unmoral1351 Words   |  6 Pages Thousands of animals lose their lives for next to no reason while subject to test in laboratories that give us these products. Animal testing is inhumane and unmoral. 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Ethicists seek to identify the path which grants humanity a way to use our free will of choice so that, as a result, we suffer the least amount of consequences, or no consequences at allRead MoreAnimal Testing is Necessary, but Should All Testing of Pharmaceuticals be Carried Out on Animals?869 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Animals have been used for pharmaceutical testing throughout history. The Greeks in early BC were the first to carry out animal testing using live animals to test experiments and different medicines on. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_testing) Animal testing has provided many positives to human lives but is still a controversial issue. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary and alternatives should be considered. 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Young People Mental Health for Risperidone -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theYoung People Mental Health for Risperidone and Fluoxetine. Answer: Mental health policies and treatment in adolescent has undergone drastic changes in the few decades. Delivery of mental nursing services, access to those services and several funding models has been implicated in recent years. This essay will illustrate how mental health services have changed over decades and will analyse the implications of these changes in the psychological outcomes of youth. Then- Mental illness was thought to be a form of demonic possession (Andrade, et al., 2014). Patients were mistreated, subjected to cruelty, given food meant for animals and died either from exposure or malnutrition. Families also felt embarrassed to keep the person at home. Iron rings and staple were used to secure the young patient, they were handcuffed and a pair of fetters was tied around the legs. Asylums contained a mix of mentally ill, criminals, epileptics and handicapped people. By the 1940s, electroshock treatments were administered. Antipsychotic medications gained popularity in 1960s to treat teenagers. Gradually asylums were closed and local treatment was promoted. Now- Drugs and different medications have replaced the cruel and inhuman treatment. Mentally ill young people are treated in local environment. Chronic institutionalizations are avoided. Surveys suggest that the incidence of serious mental illness in young people increased between 2012 and 2014 (Han, Compton, Gfroerer, McKeon, Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States, 2014). Governments have begun to focus on short-term care of patients. Short-term stays are advised to avoid high hospitalization costs. There has been a massive increase of 75% in application of medications and antidepressant prescription costs increased by 22.6% in recent years (Curto, Masters, Girardi, Baldessarini, Centorrino, 2016). Commonly used drugs are chlorpromazine, risperidone, fluoxetine, lamotrigine, clonazepam and lorazepam. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy is self-help, cost effective treatment for depression. Recent treatment also utilize s mindfulness as an effective intervention for preventing relapse in recurrent depression. Implications of the medications. The treatment of mental disorders in youth was barbaric in early decades. The traditional mental health treatment practices had a profound effect on the psychology and behaviour of the young people. The construction of asylum in developed countries led to custodial containment of such patients and provided very little care. It lead to loss of life-skills and development of deficit symptoms in adolescent. Ill-treatment and isolation victimised the youth. The use of insulin to treat psychopaths often made the young patient reach a stage of coma of convulsion. Public stigma turned the mentally ill patients against themselves. Imprisonment of young patients and use of electroshock therapies severely affected their participation in activities and seeking behaviour. The affected young people started to believe the negative stereotypes imposed by others and thought themselves to be dangerous and undeserving of nursing and care. This made them develop low sel f esteem and they became incompetent to achieve their goals (Andrade, et al., 2014). The adolescent also started to focus on the why try effect, which made them believe there was no need trying any form of therapy or medication because they would not get cured. Lack of clarity between mental health facilities, their ethical aspects and the cost coverage also made the young patients show non-compliance from treatment. Myths related to mental nursing and certain social and cultural norms also influenced their behaviour. Recently, many public health policies and initiatives have been developed that have proved successful in encouraging young people to focus on their treatment. These policies elaborate on educating the society on the different ways to combat negative stereotypes associated with mental illness and have greatly benefited the adolescent patient group (Yap, Reavley, Jorm, 2015). Though, mental health stigma exists, a survey conducted by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention states that the young people are gradually being able to visualize the connection between their wellbeing and mental health. The old and obsolete treatment methods have been replaced by community based services and therapeutic interventions to identify acute mental disorders (McGorry, Bates, Birchwood, 2013). Trained mental staff and use of appropriate knowledge help the adolescent in fighting against prejudices and social stigma. Combination of medications, psychotherapy, rehabilitation programs and family support programs have helped in improving behavioural health in the youth by addressing their needs. CBT interventions help in reducing the probability of psychotic experiences by as much as 50%. They reduce disabilities and distress. When anxiety and depression interfere with social life, therapies prove most beneficial. Most adolescent aged between 12-17 years engage in risky activities. Such behaviours often occur due to dysfunction in the family. Several studies s uggest that poor family functioning and stress leads to conflict and worsening of symptoms in the youth. The use of occupational therapy has proved beneficial in lowering the effectiveness of such conflicts (Johnsen Friborg, 2015). Launch of different anti-stigma programs by the World Health Organization have shown young people achieving better mental outcomes. Since their inception, more than 20 nations have joined the network and they have prioritized the needs of schizophrenia patients. These programs helped made the youth abstain from criminal activities. They have successfully stopped the use of illicit drugs and have shown to be extremely benefited from the rehabilitation programs (Rickwood, Telford, Parker, Tanti, McGorry, 2014). Reports suggest that, proper therapeutic intervention and implication of the behavioural and occupational therapies have drastically reduced the number of juvenile crime cases, poor physical conditions and interpersonal conflict among the mentally ill. Early diagnosis of psychotic symptoms in the youth have resulted in providing necessary relief to schizophrenia patients and their families. Several young psychotic patients have reported improved prognosis and a dramatic reduction in their behavioural symptoms. Effective medications have helped them to return to normal life rapidly. However, recent mental treatment advances also show some adverse effects on young patients (Yesufu-Udechuku, et al., 2015) . Several reactions like insomnia, suicidal tendency, nausea, dizziness and increased risk of suicidal thinking in the youth have been demonstrated. Non-adherence has been reported in some young patients who fail to believe that the drugs are showing desired outcomes (Slade, et al., 2014). Some adolescent mentally ill patients have shown symptoms of akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, blurred vision and hormonal problems owing to overdose of antipsychotic drugs (Gerhard, et al., 2017). Thus, it can be concluded from this essay that mentally ill young people were not given proper treatment in the dim past owing to ignorance, stigma and lack of good health care facilities. The barbaric practices severely affected the youths self-esteem, dependency and cognitive outcomes. In recent decades, several organizations and hospitals have been established which provide care to the youth without any prejudice or social stigma. Different drugs, medication therapies and rehabilitation programs have been created positive outcome in young people. However, in addition to certain positive outcomes, overexposure of these forms of treatment can cause any negative effects on the youth as well. Bibliography Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., Florescu, S. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychological medicine, 44(6), 1303-1317. Curto, M., Masters, G. A., Girardi, P., Baldessarini, R. J., Centorrino, F. (2016). Factors Associated with Costs of Hospitalization of Severely Mentally Ill Patients. Bipolar Disorder, 2(104), 2. Gerhard, T., Stroup, T. S., Correll, C. U., Huang, C., Tan, Z., Crystal, S., Olfson, M. (2017). Antipsychotic Medication Treatment Patterns in Adult Depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Han, B., Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., McKeon, R. (2014). Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States. American journal of public health, 104(12), 2359-2368. Johnsen, T. J., Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). headspaceAustralias innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting? The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(2), 108-111. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20. Yap, M. B., Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F. (2015). Is the use of accurate psychiatric labels associated with intentions and beliefs about responses to mental illness in a friend? Findings from two national surveys of Australian youth. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 24(1), 54-68. Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Harrison, B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Young, N., Woodhams, P., Shiers, D., Kendall, T. (2015). Interventions to improve the experience of caring for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(4), 268-274.