Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1554 Words

The book, Pride and Prejudice, was authored by Jane Austen addressing manners of the social set up of her contemporary times in 1813. The story is centered on the life of Elizabeth Bennet (female protagonist of the book), one of five daughters and a second born to Mr. Bennet, who the author uses to explore matters of morality, upbringing, manners, and also marriage. The viewership of the story and portrayal of other characters is given through her experiences in the book. The story revolves around the subject of love between Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in the book, and Elizabeth Bennet. The first impression on Elizabeth shows that she is a smart, jovial and attractive person who can be choosy and has a habit of resorting to†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth Bennet is brought up by middle-class parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, in gentry land. Mrs. Bennet is portrayed as an arrogant and impulsive woman who cannot think beyond her emotional perception of a situation, even t or social interaction. Mr Bennet is shown to be smart and full of wit directed to his wife. He is also shown to tolerate the wife’s impulsiveness. â€Å"There is a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises at every attempt to intimidate me (Austen 306).† By use of the phrase, â€Å"†¦stubbornness†¦that never can bear to be frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Elizabeth is depicted as confident, and together with her sister Jane, they had always taken to the father’s sense of morality and therefore aspired to assist their sisters – Catherine who had low self-esteem and was always impatient to the point of irritation and Lydia who was stubborn, self-centered and careless – in a bid to inspire their maturity. This was, however, challenging, given their mothers’ support and influence on the sisters. The situation would late turn from a sibling concern to major issue when Lydia elo ped with Wickham. Wickham had previously deceived Elizabeth on the subject of Darcy. However, in a letter to Elizabeth, Darcy dispelled those lies, a move which allowed Elizabeth to see Wickham for who he was. She subsequently

The Negative Effect Of Animal Testing - 1989 Words

DTRP Written Report by Shi Jin Foundation studies 2015 Design Technology Research Project Animal testing The negative effect of animal testing Student: S3365788 Shi Jin (Anna) Group members: Najwa Elyna Binti Rosman s3499394 Teacher : Timothy Krysko Contents Part A. Research Report 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Analysis of findings 3.1 Research question 3.2 Results Outcomes 3.3 Recommendations 4. Conclusions 5. Limitations of research 6. Reference list 7. Appendices Part B. Professional reflection 1. Self-evaluation; Individual skills †¢ Research skills/Procedure †¢ Oral communication skills †¢ Organization skills 2. Self-evaluation; Expo performance †¢ Mode of delivery Justification †¢ Evaluation – Collaboration †¢ Evaluation – Research quality In this project ,my group members focus on the effect and alternatives of animal testing. Animal testing also known as animal experimentation or in-vivo research is the use of non-human animals in experiments, in other words, it is the procedure performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases. For example, test new medical products, to make sure it is safe for human use. There are many different species are used around the world, but the most common include mice, monkey, fish, rats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, cats, dogs. And farm animals, Currently, TheShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing, Why it Should be Eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals have been used for scientific testing since the ages of Aristotle and Erasistratus.   Should we continue using animals as our test subjects, or is it time for a change? Many argue over whether testing on animals is good or bad, this debate has been continuous because it has both positive and negative affects. Animal testing has been the cause of many scientific breakthroughs, but, these are overthrown by the negative impact that animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing : Inhumane And Unmoral1351 Words   |  6 Pages Thousands of animals lose their lives for next to no reason while subject to test in laboratories that give us these products. Animal testing is inhumane and unmoral. It needs to be stopped and the public needs to be educated about what is animal testing and the negative effect it has on animals, educated on animal testing alternatives, and educated on which organizations to support in the world to get rid of animal testing. Animals are test subjects of numerous products. Animal test subjects areRead MoreWhen Discussing Ethics, We Consider The Negative And Positive1360 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing ethics, we consider the negative and positive effects certain moral lifestyles may have on human individuals, human societies, and on humanity as a whole. We debate whether or not we should act in the interest of our personal good, or on the good of others who may or may not be affected at all. Ethicists seek to identify the path which grants humanity a way to use our free will of choice so that, as a result, we suffer the least amount of consequences, or no consequences at allRead MoreAnimal Testing is Necessary, but Should All Testing of Pharmaceuticals be Carried Out on Animals?869 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Animals have been used for pharmaceutical testing throughout history. The Greeks in early BC were the first to carry out animal testing using live animals to test experiments and different medicines on. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_testing) Animal testing has provided many positives to human lives but is still a controversial issue. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary and alternatives should be considered. Others believe animal testing is essential toRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1136 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation is not the most accurate testing, just because some medicine and cosmetic product pass an animal test it doesn’t mean it has a beneficial effect on humans. Animal tests have evolved in many ways throughout history in negative and positive ways. A strong negative being that we are different from animals but not just animals we are also different from each other. There are many arguments that we humans wouldn’t be where we are today if it wasn’t for reliance on animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing : A Controversial Topic1243 Words   |  5 Pages76 23 July 2015 Animal Testing Fatima walks into the cosmetic section of Macy’s and is interested in buying some acne skin care products. As she was paying for them, she notices plenty of harmful side effects the acne products contained. Fatima is glad she is aware of these symptoms and knows that these side effects are rare and that the product is almost completely safe to use. If it was not for animal testing that is currently being used in some laboratories, these side effects would have beenRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or p rocedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAbolishment of Animal Testing Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageshappens during animal testing? How the animals are treated, or what tortures they have to face on a day to day basis? More than one-hundred million animals suffer and die every year through animal testing. Ninety-five percent of animals used in experimentation aren’t even covered under the Animal Welfare Act, which regulates the treatment of the animals that are used for testing. Some animals are abused and mistreated so badly that they die before they are even experimented on. Animal testing is a cruelRead MoreMore than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various900 Words   |  4 Pageslarge number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed exper iments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures

Young People Mental Health for Risperidone -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theYoung People Mental Health for Risperidone and Fluoxetine. Answer: Mental health policies and treatment in adolescent has undergone drastic changes in the few decades. Delivery of mental nursing services, access to those services and several funding models has been implicated in recent years. This essay will illustrate how mental health services have changed over decades and will analyse the implications of these changes in the psychological outcomes of youth. Then- Mental illness was thought to be a form of demonic possession (Andrade, et al., 2014). Patients were mistreated, subjected to cruelty, given food meant for animals and died either from exposure or malnutrition. Families also felt embarrassed to keep the person at home. Iron rings and staple were used to secure the young patient, they were handcuffed and a pair of fetters was tied around the legs. Asylums contained a mix of mentally ill, criminals, epileptics and handicapped people. By the 1940s, electroshock treatments were administered. Antipsychotic medications gained popularity in 1960s to treat teenagers. Gradually asylums were closed and local treatment was promoted. Now- Drugs and different medications have replaced the cruel and inhuman treatment. Mentally ill young people are treated in local environment. Chronic institutionalizations are avoided. Surveys suggest that the incidence of serious mental illness in young people increased between 2012 and 2014 (Han, Compton, Gfroerer, McKeon, Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States, 2014). Governments have begun to focus on short-term care of patients. Short-term stays are advised to avoid high hospitalization costs. There has been a massive increase of 75% in application of medications and antidepressant prescription costs increased by 22.6% in recent years (Curto, Masters, Girardi, Baldessarini, Centorrino, 2016). Commonly used drugs are chlorpromazine, risperidone, fluoxetine, lamotrigine, clonazepam and lorazepam. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy is self-help, cost effective treatment for depression. Recent treatment also utilize s mindfulness as an effective intervention for preventing relapse in recurrent depression. Implications of the medications. The treatment of mental disorders in youth was barbaric in early decades. The traditional mental health treatment practices had a profound effect on the psychology and behaviour of the young people. The construction of asylum in developed countries led to custodial containment of such patients and provided very little care. It lead to loss of life-skills and development of deficit symptoms in adolescent. Ill-treatment and isolation victimised the youth. The use of insulin to treat psychopaths often made the young patient reach a stage of coma of convulsion. Public stigma turned the mentally ill patients against themselves. Imprisonment of young patients and use of electroshock therapies severely affected their participation in activities and seeking behaviour. The affected young people started to believe the negative stereotypes imposed by others and thought themselves to be dangerous and undeserving of nursing and care. This made them develop low sel f esteem and they became incompetent to achieve their goals (Andrade, et al., 2014). The adolescent also started to focus on the why try effect, which made them believe there was no need trying any form of therapy or medication because they would not get cured. Lack of clarity between mental health facilities, their ethical aspects and the cost coverage also made the young patients show non-compliance from treatment. Myths related to mental nursing and certain social and cultural norms also influenced their behaviour. Recently, many public health policies and initiatives have been developed that have proved successful in encouraging young people to focus on their treatment. These policies elaborate on educating the society on the different ways to combat negative stereotypes associated with mental illness and have greatly benefited the adolescent patient group (Yap, Reavley, Jorm, 2015). Though, mental health stigma exists, a survey conducted by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention states that the young people are gradually being able to visualize the connection between their wellbeing and mental health. The old and obsolete treatment methods have been replaced by community based services and therapeutic interventions to identify acute mental disorders (McGorry, Bates, Birchwood, 2013). Trained mental staff and use of appropriate knowledge help the adolescent in fighting against prejudices and social stigma. Combination of medications, psychotherapy, rehabilitation programs and family support programs have helped in improving behavioural health in the youth by addressing their needs. CBT interventions help in reducing the probability of psychotic experiences by as much as 50%. They reduce disabilities and distress. When anxiety and depression interfere with social life, therapies prove most beneficial. Most adolescent aged between 12-17 years engage in risky activities. Such behaviours often occur due to dysfunction in the family. Several studies s uggest that poor family functioning and stress leads to conflict and worsening of symptoms in the youth. The use of occupational therapy has proved beneficial in lowering the effectiveness of such conflicts (Johnsen Friborg, 2015). Launch of different anti-stigma programs by the World Health Organization have shown young people achieving better mental outcomes. Since their inception, more than 20 nations have joined the network and they have prioritized the needs of schizophrenia patients. These programs helped made the youth abstain from criminal activities. They have successfully stopped the use of illicit drugs and have shown to be extremely benefited from the rehabilitation programs (Rickwood, Telford, Parker, Tanti, McGorry, 2014). Reports suggest that, proper therapeutic intervention and implication of the behavioural and occupational therapies have drastically reduced the number of juvenile crime cases, poor physical conditions and interpersonal conflict among the mentally ill. Early diagnosis of psychotic symptoms in the youth have resulted in providing necessary relief to schizophrenia patients and their families. Several young psychotic patients have reported improved prognosis and a dramatic reduction in their behavioural symptoms. Effective medications have helped them to return to normal life rapidly. However, recent mental treatment advances also show some adverse effects on young patients (Yesufu-Udechuku, et al., 2015) . Several reactions like insomnia, suicidal tendency, nausea, dizziness and increased risk of suicidal thinking in the youth have been demonstrated. Non-adherence has been reported in some young patients who fail to believe that the drugs are showing desired outcomes (Slade, et al., 2014). Some adolescent mentally ill patients have shown symptoms of akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, blurred vision and hormonal problems owing to overdose of antipsychotic drugs (Gerhard, et al., 2017). Thus, it can be concluded from this essay that mentally ill young people were not given proper treatment in the dim past owing to ignorance, stigma and lack of good health care facilities. The barbaric practices severely affected the youths self-esteem, dependency and cognitive outcomes. In recent decades, several organizations and hospitals have been established which provide care to the youth without any prejudice or social stigma. Different drugs, medication therapies and rehabilitation programs have been created positive outcome in young people. However, in addition to certain positive outcomes, overexposure of these forms of treatment can cause any negative effects on the youth as well. Bibliography Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., Florescu, S. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychological medicine, 44(6), 1303-1317. Curto, M., Masters, G. A., Girardi, P., Baldessarini, R. J., Centorrino, F. (2016). Factors Associated with Costs of Hospitalization of Severely Mentally Ill Patients. Bipolar Disorder, 2(104), 2. Gerhard, T., Stroup, T. S., Correll, C. U., Huang, C., Tan, Z., Crystal, S., Olfson, M. (2017). Antipsychotic Medication Treatment Patterns in Adult Depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Han, B., Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., McKeon, R. (2014). Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States. American journal of public health, 104(12), 2359-2368. Johnsen, T. J., Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). headspaceAustralias innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting? The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(2), 108-111. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20. Yap, M. B., Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F. (2015). Is the use of accurate psychiatric labels associated with intentions and beliefs about responses to mental illness in a friend? Findings from two national surveys of Australian youth. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 24(1), 54-68. Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Harrison, B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Young, N., Woodhams, P., Shiers, D., Kendall, T. (2015). Interventions to improve the experience of caring for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(4), 268-274.

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie free essay sample

German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, has supported the statement â€Å"Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature†. He strongly believed that â€Å"‘Form’ without ‘content’ is empty; ‘content’ without ‘form’ is blind. †1 (page 157) It can be argued that the formal qualities in literature are a key aspect in contributing to the reader’s overall experience. E. M Forster has suggested that the generic structure of a novel should entail a beginning, middle and an end. 2 In Muriel Spark’s novel ‘The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie’, the author has challenged this traditional format through illustrating events in an anachronical form and through the inclusion of a universal omniscient narrator, which has resulted in a build up of suspense, reinforced the novels thematic richness and enabled the reader to recognise the development of characters throughout. Reflecting upon Forster’s belief, I would have to disagree with this and feel that Spark’s structure has successfully enhanced the reader’s appreciation of the novel as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On general terms, it seems clear to me that the form of literature is a tool used by authors in order to display the content within the novel in a certain fashion. This will result in the reader interpreting the text in a specific way, driven by the writer. This reflects Kant’s opinion when focusing on the divorce of ‘form’ with ‘content’. In any novel, and in every aspect of life, time is of paramount importance. In Spark’s novel, this facet is manipulated in such a way to be unfamiliar to the reader, yet still providing structure. Despite foreshadowing events of the story, the reader has become intrigued to find out the reasons as to why certain events occur. Time as a general concept, can be used by writers to emphasise events and regardless of the malleability of time as a structural point, linearity cannot be eradicated completely – it fundamentally acts as a structural base for a novel. At the start of the novel, it is immediately clear to the reader that the pattern of time is not in a chronological order, as Spark has included numerous counts of analepsis and prolepsis. This has insistently drawn the reader to a question of time, and it is obvious Spark has explicitly made this a key focal point for the reader. At the first introduction to the ‘Brodie Set’, we are informed that the girls are â€Å"fourth-form† (page 5). Following this, there is a flashback to when the girls were age twelve, and then a scene of the girls at the age of sixteen. The individuality of the girls is framed when the reader is told, â€Å"The five girls, standing very close to each other because of the boys, wore their hats each with a definite difference. † (Page 5) Despite sharing the commonality of being a part of â€Å"The Brodie Set†, their differences are highlighted with a flash-forward to how the girls are viewed as individuals later on. Spark has strategically mentioned in the first chapter that Mary Mcgreggor â€Å"lost her life in a hotel fire† (page 14). This key piece of information has signified this event, which has ultimately created a sense of tension, and despite knowing the fate of Mary, the reader almost feels obliged to continue reading. This early foreknowledge one has of Mary’s fate, affects how the reader views her throughout the remainder of the novel. Critic Teresa Bridgeman has stated, â€Å"The proleptic information is active in influencing our reading, but anticipation of the event is not strong. † (140)3 Looking at this quote, I have already shown a way in which the technique of prolepsis can have a strong impact on the reader, however Bridgeman’s radical statement implying that the reader’s anticipation is minimal due to the mere knowledge of what happens, I would have to disagree. By simply knowing key events about the content of a novel, the reader begins to actively think about the circumstances surrounding such events, ultimately creating a strong sense of anticipation. Continuing on from Bridgeman’s view, John Holloway feels that â€Å"The fact remains that the structure of this narrative is largely a matter of the constant operation of writing a next event so as to negate an existing forward. †4 (Page 591) He has applied this statement with direct relation to Spark’s novel. One may say that this view is too simplistic as it only focuses on the surface of the basic structure. The narrative has foreshadowed many of the events that follow, however the context of these events remains unclear until the story has evolved. There is constant movement within the story, as themes and characters develop. Additionally to Spark’s consistent use of prolepsis and analepsis, the form of narrative used has also affected the reader’s experience of this novel. The main events of the novel are told through the presence of an omniscient narrator. This has enabled the reader’s understanding of the main themes of the novel (Miss Brodie’s Prime and it’s effect on her pupils) to be deepened. It has created a strong sense of perspective for the reader, and allowed him or her to form an opinion that is not based directly from one of the character’s point of view, which is often biased or unreliable. John Morreal has criticised the omniscient narrator, and has said, â€Å"Omniscience could not provide a filter for a story in the way that the limited knowledge of an internal narrator does. †5 (Page 432) I believe Spark’s novel as an example, negates this claim entirely. The style of narrative used, reveals knowledge through the use of prolepsis and analepsis in such a way only to inform the reader of brief, yet vital events. With regards to The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, if Spark had instead used an internal narrator, the content of the novel would not have been delivered as effectively as it has done with the omniscient narrator, and it would possibly lack its uniqueness. Overall, this has helped shape the readers understanding and experience. The impact of an omniscient narrator can be applied to other texts, such as Henry James’ ‘The Turn of the Screw’. In this case, the omniscient narrator has been included in order to introduce a sense of uncertainty to the reader, as the narrative form initially seems to lack credibility and reliability. It has presented a perspective that not only links to the uncertainty experienced by the governess herself, but also to influence the outcome the reader takes away from the story. This can therefore draw a likeness to the narrative form in Spark’s novel – it has been used in order to directly impact the reader. Furthermore, a primary function of a narrative is to tell a story and create a mood, which is achieved in this novel through various language techniques, including speech. The use of direct speech has allowed the reader to gain an insight of characters themselves. Miss Brodie says â€Å"Give me a girl at an impressionable age, and she is mine for life. † This statement, direct from Brodie herself, frames her manipulative personality and her desire to assert control on vulnerable people. The power this has of being direct speech eliminates any ‘misinterpretation’ the omniscient narrator may have of Brodie’s character. It therefore adds a sense of truthfulness to what the reader is told. The mood throughout varies with instances of humour, seriousness and a sense of pity (towards the victims of Brodie’s manipulation). This constant change in tone creates mixed emotions yet keeps the reader entertained and focused. The reader experiences different emotions whilst forming an impression on Jean Brodie. The use of speech further creates a sense of distance between the reader and Miss Brodie as her character becomes more and more unattractive, however the reader’s empathy grows for the individual members of the ‘Brodie Set’ as the harsh effects Brodie has, start to become apparent. Critic Peter Robert Brown has stated that; â€Å"Readers are encouraged to acknowledge their participation in victimization in the actual world and to reflect on the role that narrative plays in the process and justification of victimization. †6 (229) This suggestion implies that the reader’s experiences throughout the novel are somewhat based on their own personal experiences, and a sense of appreciation can be formed based on this. Finally, an important aspect of form, especially with reference to Spark’s novel, is the repetition, which emphasises the main themes, fundamentally leading the reader to having a greater sense of the message Spark has aimed to convey. The word â€Å"prime† is mentioned again and again through the course of the novel. In addition to being in the title, and mentioned throughout, the word is even said in the closing sentence of the novel. â€Å"There was a Miss Jean Brodie in her prime†. This is an exact repetition of what Sandy had said earlier on in the novel (page 35). This closing sentence successfully reiterates the theme of one’s Prime, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader, allowing him to reflect and create his or her own opinion on what exactly one’s prime is, and how Brodie’s ‘prime’ affected the girls. Continuing on from the impact repetition has, it almost mirrors the repetitiveness of time itself. This parallel draws attention to the non-linear structure of time, and highlights its individuality. In conclusion, the basic structure of time and unraveling of events has been manipulated – a clear representation of the manipulation the girls experience as a consequence of Miss Brodie’s actions. The formal qualities used by Spark extend further to the narrative technique and aspects such as speech. Looking back at what Forster suggested, Spark’s innovative structure has proven successful and has resulted in positively impacting the reader’s experience of the novel. It has highlighted main themes, reinforced ideas and enabled the reader to recognise the development in characters. With regards to the statement that ‘Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature’, it is clear that the two can be differentiated, however they both positively correlate and compliment the purpose and effect each has. Spark has used the form of her work to illustrate the content in order to influence the way in which the reader interoperates certain aspects of the novel.