Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1554 Words

The book, Pride and Prejudice, was authored by Jane Austen addressing manners of the social set up of her contemporary times in 1813. The story is centered on the life of Elizabeth Bennet (female protagonist of the book), one of five daughters and a second born to Mr. Bennet, who the author uses to explore matters of morality, upbringing, manners, and also marriage. The viewership of the story and portrayal of other characters is given through her experiences in the book. The story revolves around the subject of love between Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in the book, and Elizabeth Bennet. The first impression on Elizabeth shows that she is a smart, jovial and attractive person who can be choosy and has a habit of resorting to†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth Bennet is brought up by middle-class parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, in gentry land. Mrs. Bennet is portrayed as an arrogant and impulsive woman who cannot think beyond her emotional perception of a situation, even t or social interaction. Mr Bennet is shown to be smart and full of wit directed to his wife. He is also shown to tolerate the wife’s impulsiveness. â€Å"There is a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises at every attempt to intimidate me (Austen 306).† By use of the phrase, â€Å"†¦stubbornness†¦that never can bear to be frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Elizabeth is depicted as confident, and together with her sister Jane, they had always taken to the father’s sense of morality and therefore aspired to assist their sisters – Catherine who had low self-esteem and was always impatient to the point of irritation and Lydia who was stubborn, self-centered and careless – in a bid to inspire their maturity. This was, however, challenging, given their mothers’ support and influence on the sisters. The situation would late turn from a sibling concern to major issue when Lydia elo ped with Wickham. Wickham had previously deceived Elizabeth on the subject of Darcy. However, in a letter to Elizabeth, Darcy dispelled those lies, a move which allowed Elizabeth to see Wickham for who he was. She subsequently

The Negative Effect Of Animal Testing - 1989 Words

DTRP Written Report by Shi Jin Foundation studies 2015 Design Technology Research Project Animal testing The negative effect of animal testing Student: S3365788 Shi Jin (Anna) Group members: Najwa Elyna Binti Rosman s3499394 Teacher : Timothy Krysko Contents Part A. Research Report 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Analysis of findings 3.1 Research question 3.2 Results Outcomes 3.3 Recommendations 4. Conclusions 5. Limitations of research 6. Reference list 7. Appendices Part B. Professional reflection 1. Self-evaluation; Individual skills †¢ Research skills/Procedure †¢ Oral communication skills †¢ Organization skills 2. Self-evaluation; Expo performance †¢ Mode of delivery Justification †¢ Evaluation – Collaboration †¢ Evaluation – Research quality In this project ,my group members focus on the effect and alternatives of animal testing. Animal testing also known as animal experimentation or in-vivo research is the use of non-human animals in experiments, in other words, it is the procedure performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases. For example, test new medical products, to make sure it is safe for human use. There are many different species are used around the world, but the most common include mice, monkey, fish, rats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, cats, dogs. And farm animals, Currently, TheShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing, Why it Should be Eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals have been used for scientific testing since the ages of Aristotle and Erasistratus.   Should we continue using animals as our test subjects, or is it time for a change? Many argue over whether testing on animals is good or bad, this debate has been continuous because it has both positive and negative affects. Animal testing has been the cause of many scientific breakthroughs, but, these are overthrown by the negative impact that animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing : Inhumane And Unmoral1351 Words   |  6 Pages Thousands of animals lose their lives for next to no reason while subject to test in laboratories that give us these products. Animal testing is inhumane and unmoral. It needs to be stopped and the public needs to be educated about what is animal testing and the negative effect it has on animals, educated on animal testing alternatives, and educated on which organizations to support in the world to get rid of animal testing. Animals are test subjects of numerous products. Animal test subjects areRead MoreWhen Discussing Ethics, We Consider The Negative And Positive1360 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing ethics, we consider the negative and positive effects certain moral lifestyles may have on human individuals, human societies, and on humanity as a whole. We debate whether or not we should act in the interest of our personal good, or on the good of others who may or may not be affected at all. Ethicists seek to identify the path which grants humanity a way to use our free will of choice so that, as a result, we suffer the least amount of consequences, or no consequences at allRead MoreAnimal Testing is Necessary, but Should All Testing of Pharmaceuticals be Carried Out on Animals?869 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Animals have been used for pharmaceutical testing throughout history. The Greeks in early BC were the first to carry out animal testing using live animals to test experiments and different medicines on. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_testing) Animal testing has provided many positives to human lives but is still a controversial issue. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary and alternatives should be considered. Others believe animal testing is essential toRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1136 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation is not the most accurate testing, just because some medicine and cosmetic product pass an animal test it doesn’t mean it has a beneficial effect on humans. Animal tests have evolved in many ways throughout history in negative and positive ways. A strong negative being that we are different from animals but not just animals we are also different from each other. There are many arguments that we humans wouldn’t be where we are today if it wasn’t for reliance on animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing : A Controversial Topic1243 Words   |  5 Pages76 23 July 2015 Animal Testing Fatima walks into the cosmetic section of Macy’s and is interested in buying some acne skin care products. As she was paying for them, she notices plenty of harmful side effects the acne products contained. Fatima is glad she is aware of these symptoms and knows that these side effects are rare and that the product is almost completely safe to use. If it was not for animal testing that is currently being used in some laboratories, these side effects would have beenRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or p rocedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAbolishment of Animal Testing Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageshappens during animal testing? How the animals are treated, or what tortures they have to face on a day to day basis? More than one-hundred million animals suffer and die every year through animal testing. Ninety-five percent of animals used in experimentation aren’t even covered under the Animal Welfare Act, which regulates the treatment of the animals that are used for testing. Some animals are abused and mistreated so badly that they die before they are even experimented on. Animal testing is a cruelRead MoreMore than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various900 Words   |  4 Pageslarge number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed exper iments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures

Young People Mental Health for Risperidone -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theYoung People Mental Health for Risperidone and Fluoxetine. Answer: Mental health policies and treatment in adolescent has undergone drastic changes in the few decades. Delivery of mental nursing services, access to those services and several funding models has been implicated in recent years. This essay will illustrate how mental health services have changed over decades and will analyse the implications of these changes in the psychological outcomes of youth. Then- Mental illness was thought to be a form of demonic possession (Andrade, et al., 2014). Patients were mistreated, subjected to cruelty, given food meant for animals and died either from exposure or malnutrition. Families also felt embarrassed to keep the person at home. Iron rings and staple were used to secure the young patient, they were handcuffed and a pair of fetters was tied around the legs. Asylums contained a mix of mentally ill, criminals, epileptics and handicapped people. By the 1940s, electroshock treatments were administered. Antipsychotic medications gained popularity in 1960s to treat teenagers. Gradually asylums were closed and local treatment was promoted. Now- Drugs and different medications have replaced the cruel and inhuman treatment. Mentally ill young people are treated in local environment. Chronic institutionalizations are avoided. Surveys suggest that the incidence of serious mental illness in young people increased between 2012 and 2014 (Han, Compton, Gfroerer, McKeon, Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States, 2014). Governments have begun to focus on short-term care of patients. Short-term stays are advised to avoid high hospitalization costs. There has been a massive increase of 75% in application of medications and antidepressant prescription costs increased by 22.6% in recent years (Curto, Masters, Girardi, Baldessarini, Centorrino, 2016). Commonly used drugs are chlorpromazine, risperidone, fluoxetine, lamotrigine, clonazepam and lorazepam. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy is self-help, cost effective treatment for depression. Recent treatment also utilize s mindfulness as an effective intervention for preventing relapse in recurrent depression. Implications of the medications. The treatment of mental disorders in youth was barbaric in early decades. The traditional mental health treatment practices had a profound effect on the psychology and behaviour of the young people. The construction of asylum in developed countries led to custodial containment of such patients and provided very little care. It lead to loss of life-skills and development of deficit symptoms in adolescent. Ill-treatment and isolation victimised the youth. The use of insulin to treat psychopaths often made the young patient reach a stage of coma of convulsion. Public stigma turned the mentally ill patients against themselves. Imprisonment of young patients and use of electroshock therapies severely affected their participation in activities and seeking behaviour. The affected young people started to believe the negative stereotypes imposed by others and thought themselves to be dangerous and undeserving of nursing and care. This made them develop low sel f esteem and they became incompetent to achieve their goals (Andrade, et al., 2014). The adolescent also started to focus on the why try effect, which made them believe there was no need trying any form of therapy or medication because they would not get cured. Lack of clarity between mental health facilities, their ethical aspects and the cost coverage also made the young patients show non-compliance from treatment. Myths related to mental nursing and certain social and cultural norms also influenced their behaviour. Recently, many public health policies and initiatives have been developed that have proved successful in encouraging young people to focus on their treatment. These policies elaborate on educating the society on the different ways to combat negative stereotypes associated with mental illness and have greatly benefited the adolescent patient group (Yap, Reavley, Jorm, 2015). Though, mental health stigma exists, a survey conducted by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention states that the young people are gradually being able to visualize the connection between their wellbeing and mental health. The old and obsolete treatment methods have been replaced by community based services and therapeutic interventions to identify acute mental disorders (McGorry, Bates, Birchwood, 2013). Trained mental staff and use of appropriate knowledge help the adolescent in fighting against prejudices and social stigma. Combination of medications, psychotherapy, rehabilitation programs and family support programs have helped in improving behavioural health in the youth by addressing their needs. CBT interventions help in reducing the probability of psychotic experiences by as much as 50%. They reduce disabilities and distress. When anxiety and depression interfere with social life, therapies prove most beneficial. Most adolescent aged between 12-17 years engage in risky activities. Such behaviours often occur due to dysfunction in the family. Several studies s uggest that poor family functioning and stress leads to conflict and worsening of symptoms in the youth. The use of occupational therapy has proved beneficial in lowering the effectiveness of such conflicts (Johnsen Friborg, 2015). Launch of different anti-stigma programs by the World Health Organization have shown young people achieving better mental outcomes. Since their inception, more than 20 nations have joined the network and they have prioritized the needs of schizophrenia patients. These programs helped made the youth abstain from criminal activities. They have successfully stopped the use of illicit drugs and have shown to be extremely benefited from the rehabilitation programs (Rickwood, Telford, Parker, Tanti, McGorry, 2014). Reports suggest that, proper therapeutic intervention and implication of the behavioural and occupational therapies have drastically reduced the number of juvenile crime cases, poor physical conditions and interpersonal conflict among the mentally ill. Early diagnosis of psychotic symptoms in the youth have resulted in providing necessary relief to schizophrenia patients and their families. Several young psychotic patients have reported improved prognosis and a dramatic reduction in their behavioural symptoms. Effective medications have helped them to return to normal life rapidly. However, recent mental treatment advances also show some adverse effects on young patients (Yesufu-Udechuku, et al., 2015) . Several reactions like insomnia, suicidal tendency, nausea, dizziness and increased risk of suicidal thinking in the youth have been demonstrated. Non-adherence has been reported in some young patients who fail to believe that the drugs are showing desired outcomes (Slade, et al., 2014). Some adolescent mentally ill patients have shown symptoms of akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, blurred vision and hormonal problems owing to overdose of antipsychotic drugs (Gerhard, et al., 2017). Thus, it can be concluded from this essay that mentally ill young people were not given proper treatment in the dim past owing to ignorance, stigma and lack of good health care facilities. The barbaric practices severely affected the youths self-esteem, dependency and cognitive outcomes. In recent decades, several organizations and hospitals have been established which provide care to the youth without any prejudice or social stigma. Different drugs, medication therapies and rehabilitation programs have been created positive outcome in young people. However, in addition to certain positive outcomes, overexposure of these forms of treatment can cause any negative effects on the youth as well. Bibliography Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., Florescu, S. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychological medicine, 44(6), 1303-1317. Curto, M., Masters, G. A., Girardi, P., Baldessarini, R. J., Centorrino, F. (2016). Factors Associated with Costs of Hospitalization of Severely Mentally Ill Patients. Bipolar Disorder, 2(104), 2. Gerhard, T., Stroup, T. S., Correll, C. U., Huang, C., Tan, Z., Crystal, S., Olfson, M. (2017). Antipsychotic Medication Treatment Patterns in Adult Depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Han, B., Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., McKeon, R. (2014). Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States. American journal of public health, 104(12), 2359-2368. Johnsen, T. J., Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). headspaceAustralias innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting? The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(2), 108-111. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20. Yap, M. B., Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F. (2015). Is the use of accurate psychiatric labels associated with intentions and beliefs about responses to mental illness in a friend? Findings from two national surveys of Australian youth. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 24(1), 54-68. Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Harrison, B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Young, N., Woodhams, P., Shiers, D., Kendall, T. (2015). Interventions to improve the experience of caring for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(4), 268-274.

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie free essay sample

German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, has supported the statement â€Å"Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature†. He strongly believed that â€Å"‘Form’ without ‘content’ is empty; ‘content’ without ‘form’ is blind. †1 (page 157) It can be argued that the formal qualities in literature are a key aspect in contributing to the reader’s overall experience. E. M Forster has suggested that the generic structure of a novel should entail a beginning, middle and an end. 2 In Muriel Spark’s novel ‘The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie’, the author has challenged this traditional format through illustrating events in an anachronical form and through the inclusion of a universal omniscient narrator, which has resulted in a build up of suspense, reinforced the novels thematic richness and enabled the reader to recognise the development of characters throughout. Reflecting upon Forster’s belief, I would have to disagree with this and feel that Spark’s structure has successfully enhanced the reader’s appreciation of the novel as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On general terms, it seems clear to me that the form of literature is a tool used by authors in order to display the content within the novel in a certain fashion. This will result in the reader interpreting the text in a specific way, driven by the writer. This reflects Kant’s opinion when focusing on the divorce of ‘form’ with ‘content’. In any novel, and in every aspect of life, time is of paramount importance. In Spark’s novel, this facet is manipulated in such a way to be unfamiliar to the reader, yet still providing structure. Despite foreshadowing events of the story, the reader has become intrigued to find out the reasons as to why certain events occur. Time as a general concept, can be used by writers to emphasise events and regardless of the malleability of time as a structural point, linearity cannot be eradicated completely – it fundamentally acts as a structural base for a novel. At the start of the novel, it is immediately clear to the reader that the pattern of time is not in a chronological order, as Spark has included numerous counts of analepsis and prolepsis. This has insistently drawn the reader to a question of time, and it is obvious Spark has explicitly made this a key focal point for the reader. At the first introduction to the ‘Brodie Set’, we are informed that the girls are â€Å"fourth-form† (page 5). Following this, there is a flashback to when the girls were age twelve, and then a scene of the girls at the age of sixteen. The individuality of the girls is framed when the reader is told, â€Å"The five girls, standing very close to each other because of the boys, wore their hats each with a definite difference. † (Page 5) Despite sharing the commonality of being a part of â€Å"The Brodie Set†, their differences are highlighted with a flash-forward to how the girls are viewed as individuals later on. Spark has strategically mentioned in the first chapter that Mary Mcgreggor â€Å"lost her life in a hotel fire† (page 14). This key piece of information has signified this event, which has ultimately created a sense of tension, and despite knowing the fate of Mary, the reader almost feels obliged to continue reading. This early foreknowledge one has of Mary’s fate, affects how the reader views her throughout the remainder of the novel. Critic Teresa Bridgeman has stated, â€Å"The proleptic information is active in influencing our reading, but anticipation of the event is not strong. † (140)3 Looking at this quote, I have already shown a way in which the technique of prolepsis can have a strong impact on the reader, however Bridgeman’s radical statement implying that the reader’s anticipation is minimal due to the mere knowledge of what happens, I would have to disagree. By simply knowing key events about the content of a novel, the reader begins to actively think about the circumstances surrounding such events, ultimately creating a strong sense of anticipation. Continuing on from Bridgeman’s view, John Holloway feels that â€Å"The fact remains that the structure of this narrative is largely a matter of the constant operation of writing a next event so as to negate an existing forward. †4 (Page 591) He has applied this statement with direct relation to Spark’s novel. One may say that this view is too simplistic as it only focuses on the surface of the basic structure. The narrative has foreshadowed many of the events that follow, however the context of these events remains unclear until the story has evolved. There is constant movement within the story, as themes and characters develop. Additionally to Spark’s consistent use of prolepsis and analepsis, the form of narrative used has also affected the reader’s experience of this novel. The main events of the novel are told through the presence of an omniscient narrator. This has enabled the reader’s understanding of the main themes of the novel (Miss Brodie’s Prime and it’s effect on her pupils) to be deepened. It has created a strong sense of perspective for the reader, and allowed him or her to form an opinion that is not based directly from one of the character’s point of view, which is often biased or unreliable. John Morreal has criticised the omniscient narrator, and has said, â€Å"Omniscience could not provide a filter for a story in the way that the limited knowledge of an internal narrator does. †5 (Page 432) I believe Spark’s novel as an example, negates this claim entirely. The style of narrative used, reveals knowledge through the use of prolepsis and analepsis in such a way only to inform the reader of brief, yet vital events. With regards to The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, if Spark had instead used an internal narrator, the content of the novel would not have been delivered as effectively as it has done with the omniscient narrator, and it would possibly lack its uniqueness. Overall, this has helped shape the readers understanding and experience. The impact of an omniscient narrator can be applied to other texts, such as Henry James’ ‘The Turn of the Screw’. In this case, the omniscient narrator has been included in order to introduce a sense of uncertainty to the reader, as the narrative form initially seems to lack credibility and reliability. It has presented a perspective that not only links to the uncertainty experienced by the governess herself, but also to influence the outcome the reader takes away from the story. This can therefore draw a likeness to the narrative form in Spark’s novel – it has been used in order to directly impact the reader. Furthermore, a primary function of a narrative is to tell a story and create a mood, which is achieved in this novel through various language techniques, including speech. The use of direct speech has allowed the reader to gain an insight of characters themselves. Miss Brodie says â€Å"Give me a girl at an impressionable age, and she is mine for life. † This statement, direct from Brodie herself, frames her manipulative personality and her desire to assert control on vulnerable people. The power this has of being direct speech eliminates any ‘misinterpretation’ the omniscient narrator may have of Brodie’s character. It therefore adds a sense of truthfulness to what the reader is told. The mood throughout varies with instances of humour, seriousness and a sense of pity (towards the victims of Brodie’s manipulation). This constant change in tone creates mixed emotions yet keeps the reader entertained and focused. The reader experiences different emotions whilst forming an impression on Jean Brodie. The use of speech further creates a sense of distance between the reader and Miss Brodie as her character becomes more and more unattractive, however the reader’s empathy grows for the individual members of the ‘Brodie Set’ as the harsh effects Brodie has, start to become apparent. Critic Peter Robert Brown has stated that; â€Å"Readers are encouraged to acknowledge their participation in victimization in the actual world and to reflect on the role that narrative plays in the process and justification of victimization. †6 (229) This suggestion implies that the reader’s experiences throughout the novel are somewhat based on their own personal experiences, and a sense of appreciation can be formed based on this. Finally, an important aspect of form, especially with reference to Spark’s novel, is the repetition, which emphasises the main themes, fundamentally leading the reader to having a greater sense of the message Spark has aimed to convey. The word â€Å"prime† is mentioned again and again through the course of the novel. In addition to being in the title, and mentioned throughout, the word is even said in the closing sentence of the novel. â€Å"There was a Miss Jean Brodie in her prime†. This is an exact repetition of what Sandy had said earlier on in the novel (page 35). This closing sentence successfully reiterates the theme of one’s Prime, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader, allowing him to reflect and create his or her own opinion on what exactly one’s prime is, and how Brodie’s ‘prime’ affected the girls. Continuing on from the impact repetition has, it almost mirrors the repetitiveness of time itself. This parallel draws attention to the non-linear structure of time, and highlights its individuality. In conclusion, the basic structure of time and unraveling of events has been manipulated – a clear representation of the manipulation the girls experience as a consequence of Miss Brodie’s actions. The formal qualities used by Spark extend further to the narrative technique and aspects such as speech. Looking back at what Forster suggested, Spark’s innovative structure has proven successful and has resulted in positively impacting the reader’s experience of the novel. It has highlighted main themes, reinforced ideas and enabled the reader to recognise the development in characters. With regards to the statement that ‘Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature’, it is clear that the two can be differentiated, however they both positively correlate and compliment the purpose and effect each has. Spark has used the form of her work to illustrate the content in order to influence the way in which the reader interoperates certain aspects of the novel.

Learn How to Conjugate Parler (to Talk) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Parler (to Talk) in French The French verb  parler  literally means to talk or to speak. Youll find it used in a variety of idiomatic expressions and in order to use it properly, youll definitely want to know how to conjugate it. A quick lesson will introduce you to this very useful verb while learning many common phrases. Conjugating the French Verb  Parler We must learn how to conjugate verbs in order to place them in the correct tense for our sentences. By understanding how to do so, youll be able to use  parler  in the past tense, talked, the future tense will talk, and the present tense am talking. French students will be happy to know that parler is a  regular -er  verb. It follows the most common conjugation pattern in the French language, so learning how to conjugate it is relatively easy. If youve studied other regular -er  verbs, you can apply what you learned with those to this one. To begin, we must identify the verb stem, which is  parl. To this, we will add a variety of endings that match both the subject pronoun and the tense of the sentence. The most common forms of this are the indicative moods, which are found in this first chart. Using it, you will learn that I am talking is  je parle  and we will talk is  nous parlerons. Practice these in context to help speed up your memorization. Present Future Imperfect je parle parlerai parlais tu parles parleras parlais il parle parlera parlait nous parlons parlerons parlions vous parlez parlerez parliez ils parlent parleront parlaient The  present participle  of  parler  is  parlant. This is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Another form of the past tense is the passà © composà ©. To form it for  parler, you will use the auxiliary verb  avoir  along with the past participle  parlà ©. For instance, we spoke is  nous avons parlà ©. Among the other basic conjugations you may need for parler are the subjunctive and the conditional. These two verb moods imply that the act of talking may or may not happen depending on circumstances and there are rules for using both. Also, the passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive may be useful, particularly if you do a lot of formal reading or writing in French. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je parle parlerais parlai parlasse tu parles parlerais parlas parlasses il parle parlerait parla parlt nous parlions parlerions parlmes parlassions vous parliez parleriez parltes parlassiez ils parlent parleraient parlrent parlassent The imperative verb mood is used to say short commands such as, Talk! When using it, skip the subject pronoun and simply say, Parle ! Imperative (tu) parle (nous) parlons (vous) parlez Expressions With  Parler Learn how to babble, be a good speaker, make small talk, and more with these expressions that use  parler. When the expression defines a subject, the proper conjugation is included for you. Others will require you to use your new conjugations skills to form a sentence. Ways to Talk   There are many forms of talking and ways to describe this action. Each requires some form of  parler  and many of these will need to be conjugated. parler to talk to parler tort et travers to talk drivel, babble parler au coeur to speak to the heart parler du fond du coeur to speak from the heart parler avec les mains to speak with ones hands se parler to talk to oneself; to talk to one another le parler speech, dialect le parler de tous les jours everyday language le parler vrai straight talking le parler vulgaire vulgar/coarse way of speaking parler par nigmesparler par paraboles to speak in riddles parler par gestes to use sign language Describing How Someones Talking You can use adjectives to describe the manner in which someone is talking. Here are a few common examples to give you a good foundation for saying such things in French. parler crment to speak bluntly parler distinctement to speak distinctly parler franc to speak frankly parler dor to speak words of wisdom parler pour ne rien dire to talk for the sake of talking You Speak Well (or  Not) There are also many common phrases that refer to how well someone speaks. These are useful, especially when youre new to the language. parler bien to speak well, be a good speaker parler mal to speak poorly, not be a good speaker parler comme un livre (derogatory) to talk like a book parler le franais comme une vache espagnole (informal) to speak French terribly, literally to speak French like a Spanish cow parler le franais couramment to speak French fluently Parlez-vous anglais ? Do you speak English? Parlez-vous franais ? Do you speak French? Voil qui est (bien) parl ! Here! Here! Well said! Things to Talk About In conversation, you will have many things to talk about. Using these phrases as a base, you can substitute words and explain that youre talking about almost anything. parler de to talk about parler affaires to talk about business parler boutique (informal) to talk shop parler de choses et dautres to talk about this and that, to make small talk parler de faire quelque chose to talk about doing something parler de la pluie et du beau temps to talk about this and that, to make small talk parler politique to talk politics To Complain Talking does come with complaining at times, so you might need these phrases on occasion. parler du nez to speak through ones nose parler en lair to talk without acting, to complain but not do anything parler mal de quelquun to speak ill of someone aimer scouter parler to like to hear oneself talk, to like the sound of ones own voice I Heard... Other common French expressions refer to hearing someone speak about something or someone else. Remember to conjugate  parler  as needed for these. dire quelquun sa faon de parler to tell someone what one thinks/feels entendre parler de... to hear (someone talking) about... faire parler to make talk, loosen ones tongue, draw out faire parler de soi to get oneself talked about ne jamais en parler to never talk about something Talk About Yourself When you want to tell someone about yourself, youll find these expressions helpful. Je parle franais. I speak French. Je parle un peu de franais. I speak a little French. Je ne parle pas franais. I dont speak French. Mais je parle, je parle... But enough about me... moi qui vous parle I myself/personally Talk About or To Someone Else In other instances, you might be speaking about someone else. There are also a few phrases in this list that can be used when talking directly to someone. parler pour quelquun to speak for someone, on someones behalf vous parler franc to be frank with you Vous navez qu parler. Just say the word. On parle beaucoup de lui comme... Hes being talked about as a possible/likely... Nous ne nous parlons pas. Were not speaking (at the moment). Ne men parlez pas ! (informal) Youre telling me! Tu parles ! (informal) Youre telling me!, You must be joking! Parlons-en ! (informal) Fat chance! You must be joking! Tu peux parler ! (informal) You can talk! Youre a fine one to talk! Tu parles si... ! (informal) You must be joking if...! A fat lot of... ! Tu parles dun... ! Talk about a...! Nen parlons plus ! Lets not talk about that any more. On ma beaucoup parl de vous. Ive heard a lot about you. Quand on parle du loup (on en voit la queue). Speak of the devil (and he appears). Just to Clarify When you need to clarify a point in French or ask someone else to do so, knowing these phrases will come in handy. Parle pour toi ! Speak for yourself! Parlez plus fort. Speak up. Parlons peu mais parlons bien. Lets get straight to the point. sans parler de... not to mention..., let alone... ...et je ne parle pas de... not to mention... Everyones Talking   Is everyone talking about something? If so, then youll want to know how to tell someone else. On ne parle que de a. Thats all people are talking about. Tout le monde en parle. Everyones talking about it. Toute la ville en parle. Its the talk of the town. Unusual Uses of  Parler While  parler  means to talk, there are instances in which it has other meanings. As you can see in the following expressions, the verb can be deceptive at times and its all about the context of the sentence. Tout me parle de toi. Everything reminds me of you. parler limagination to appeal to the imagination parler aux yeux to appeal to the eye trouver qui parler to meet ones match faire parler la poudre to start a gunfight/war Cest vous de parler. (card game) Its your bid. Figures of Speech Well finish up with a few common figures of speech that also use  parler. These are nice additions to your French vocabulary and can help you remain part of any conversation. Cest une faon de parler. Its (just) a figure of speech. Ce ... me parle. This... really speaks to me. Ce ... ne me parle pas. This... doesnt do anything for me. Cest parler un mur. Its like talking to a wall. Le devoir a parl. Duty called. Les faits parlent deux-mmes. The facts speak for themselves.

How to make APA citation properly

How to make APA citation properly APA citation style Sometimes, students do not know whether it is better to paraphrase author’s ideas or cite them. In order to understand what to do, you should distinguish between citing and paraphrasing. If the words used for describing concepts do not matter, you may use paraphrasing. In case the ideas have to be presented in the author’s words exactly, you should cite them. This rule should be applied to APA citation as well as to other styles. Note that scientific works are usually paraphrased, while those in art – cited. What is the difference between paraphrasing and citing? Paraphrasing means using one’s own words to present a theory of another author. In this case, it is necessary to make reference to the original work. Moreover, you should separate your thoughts and ideas from the paraphrased ones. Citing means using the words of other authors to describe their concepts. The cited text should be placed in quotation marks. Do not forget to indicate the text the citation is taken from. Your paper should be cited properly in accordance with the format whether it is an MLA citation style or another one. You should not use long quotations. It may be difficult for readers to understand your paper. Citations will make your paper reasonable. However, it is sometimes better to paraphrase ideas then quote them. Thus, your essay may be more coherent. Secondary Sources You should use secondary sources in rare cases, for example, if an original text is unavailable. Do not forget to indicate the used source on the reference page. If your paper is formatted in APA, you should make proper APA referencing. Thus, you should present an original entry and cite the secondary source. Why is it necessary cite or paraphrase? Academicians often cite or paraphrase the works of other scholars. What are the reasons for this? Take the following points into account: When writing an academic work in Harvard citation style or any other format, you may need to provide research results obtained by other scholars. You need to provide concrete statistical data taken from another work. You may use the ideas of other authors to develop those of your own. Sometimes, examples are taken from an original source to illustrate the covered points. Bibliography and Reference List The Chicago referencing list (or that of another style) presents all cited or paraphrased sources in your paper. It should be added at the end of your work. A bibliography is a list of entries which you have used to produce your piece of writing no matter whether you have cited or paraphrased the ideas taken from them. Plagiarism Issues Students know that using the works of other authors without indicating them in the MLA referencing list is considered plagiarism. It goes not only about text, but also about illustrative material. If you do not reference an original text, it means that you present the borrowed ideas as your own. It is forbidden. Besides, it may cause you a lot of problems. There are some cases when presenting the ideas of another author without citing them is not considered plagiarism. If the stated facts are common knowledge, you do not need to make an APA style citation or any other format quotation. However, you have to be sure that the expressed opinion is known by everyone. Reference Styles Academic works can be organized in APA citation format, MLA, Turabian, etc. Each style has its own peculiarities. There are two major groups of styles: numbered and parenthesized. When your work is formatted in one of the parenthesized styles, you need to shorten a full reference which follows an APA in text citation. You need to provide the author’s name and publication date. You may also include page numbers. In the numbered style, a number goes immediately after MLA in text citation. A complete reference should be presented on the reference page. On the APA citation page, the references should be presented in the same order as they are in the body of the paper.

Social and Politic Influences Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social and Politic Influences Paper - Essay Example These relationships more often than not are shaped by the need to accomplish common goals. Usually, social forces (social influences) emerge in this process and whose consequences either facilitate or impede learning. According to Hirschy and Wilson (2002), these social influences are categorized into role relationships, social status, and structural inequalities. Sociologists often look at how these influences affect people in the classroom in a social setting (Hirschy & Wilson, 2002). Mehan (1998) describes social status in a classroom context as to include the gender, race, age, and social class of the students and the tutor (Hirschy & Wilson, 2002). For instance, students coming from poor family set-ups may often find challenges adjusting to college life compared to their higher status counterparts. According to Gardner, Dean and McKaig (1989), the college environment often reflects the social relationships at different levels i.e. upper-level, middle-level and low level. It is often the case that although students from low-level or disadvantaged backgrounds can grasp tacit rules quickly, they still have a sense of being outsiders. Social influence of role relationships usually come out clearly when assessing the interaction patterns that occur between the tutor and learners and among student peers. Usually in every class, the rules and norms have a huge bearing on the interactions among class participants. According to Hirschy and Wilson (2002), the various norms of discourse determining the patterns of participation. These are those who take part and those who do not. Moreover, it depends on whether one has the drive to disagree with the instructor and other students. In addition, it shows how best to handle conflicts; the types of questions that are acceptable, and how to act appropriately in the classroom. Students often hold an unequal position of power and this, according to Gamaron (2001) often brings a negative influence

Nominating a Musician for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Essay

Nominating a Musician for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Essay Example ary 20, 1967  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  April 5, 1994) an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist of the highest caliber who articulated the angst, anxiety, frustration and untold aspiration of his generation. He was first noticed in the music scene with the anger of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" from its second album  Nevermind  (1991) and departed with the challenge of In Utero (1993). Kurt Cobain belonged to Generation X, the generation who was labeled an X for the utter lack of description that encapsulate that era. This generation however was given a voice, whose language was spoken through the band of Cobain’s Nirvana which was labeled as â€Å"the flagship band† and spokesperson of his generation, the Generation X. The genre of grunge, with its raw deliverance was given an art and emotion by the genius of its spokesperson, Cobain. Kurt Cobain may have suffered the addiction to heroin and committed suicide. But it cannot be denied that his music has a far reaching influence beyond his generation. The genius of his Utero (1993) is a masterpiece that even the generation after him wondered of its genius. He truly lived the life of rock which includes the internal tumult that compels an artist to create. His life, though not openly shared, was communicated through his music not only during his time but also the succeeding generation that followed his. He may have lived short in the music industry, but not short enough to make his

Medieval Archetypes Utilized in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Medieval Archetypes Utilized in Hamlet Essay Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a complex play because of its multiple dimensions. Upon dissection, the influence of other works can be observed in it. One of the most prominent of these works is the York Fall of Man. This particular play is a very poor remake of the book of Genesis in the bible. However, William Shakespeare utilizes the medieval traditions exemplified in the Fall of Man to create the characters in Hamlet. For example, Hamlets mother, Queen Gertrude, shows an uncanny parallel to Eve from the Fall of Man. Gertrudes behavior and characteristics fall under the archetype presented in the rendition of Genesis. Eve can be described as: gullible, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, accidentally rebellious, trusting, curious, manipulated, and egocentric. These same traits can be used to identify Gertrudes personality as well. In part three of the Fall of Man, Satan, in the form of the worme, is trying to convince Eve to rebel against God by eating the forbidden fruit. The worme claims that it will make her omnipotent. When Eve questions Satan, he replies, Why trowes thou nog[h]t me?/ I wolde by no- kynnes ways/ Telle nog[h]t but trouthe to the[e] (pg 270, line 75). In perhaps one of her most naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and gullible moments, Eve responds, Than wille I to thy teching traste,/ and fange this frute unto oure foode (78). Likewise, in Hamlet there is a moment that closely mirrors this. When King Claudius and Polonius decide to spy on the interaction between Hamlet and Ophelia, Claudius tells Gertrude to leave even though it is her son. She only answers, I shall obey you (III,I, 42). These two quotes show the extent to which both Eve and Gertrude have been manipulated by their curiosity and weakness. Eve only wanted to know if the fruit contained a certain power and Gertrude was interested in her sons apparent madness yet both women put aside independent thinking and oblige the villain. Later in the Fall of Man, Eve brings the forbidden fruit to Adam saying A worme has done me for to witte/ We shalle be as goddis, thou and I,/ If that we ete/ Here of this tree (91). Then in Hamlet, Gertrude asks her son, Have you forgot me? ( III, IV, 16). She is essentially asking if Hamlet has forgotten whom he is speaking to. In the Fall of Man, Eve portrays egocentric qualities. When she discovers the power of the fruit, she suddenly desires to share it with Adam so that they might be god- like together. She wants to be all knowing and powerful, so when she sees the chance she takes it. Gertrude is self-centered as well. She doesnt want to lose her standing as queen when her husband dies so she marries his brother not even two months following his passing. When Hamlet confronts her on her actions she retorts with anger that he would dare speak to her in that manner. Both Gertrude and Eve have a mental self image of themselves that is better than what others perceive them as and both women strive to maintain/ improve that image. Gertrudes character directly parallels that of Eve in respect to characteristics and traits. They are both archetypal characters but the resemblances are eerie. The women both end in similar manners as well. Eve eats the forbidden fruit and guarantees her banishment from the Garden of Eden. Gertrude drinks the poison and ensures her own death. The characters have too many similarities to be dismissed as coincidence. Ergo it can be stated with a level of confidence that William Shakespeare utilizes the medieval traditions outlined in the Fall of Man to write Hamlet. Works Cited Medieval Drama. Ed. David Bevington. Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975 Hamlet. William Shakespeare. Ed. Louis Wright. Virginia Lamar. New York; Simon Schuster Inc, 1958

all about me :: essays research papers

All about me My interactions with others are affected by my physical self in many ways. For as long as I can remember I have had a very difficult childhood. In my life I have had only my mother. A week before I was born my father left my mother for some other woman. At the age of eleven I started to slit my wrists. Later on in life I learned, that the reason that I was did this was try to get the attention of everyone around me. This only ended up with me getting admitted into the mental word. After my mother paid an abundant amount of money for me to see many counselors she gave up. My life went on. I started to pierce myself because I was not getting the attention from my wrist slitting anymore. When I turned thirteen I got grounded for six months. My mother found out that I had pierced my tongue. Year after year every time that my mother and I got into a fight, I would lock myself into my room and pierce myself. Now that you know somewhat of my back ground you can now see that my physical self interrupts with my interactions with others. Middle school and high school was very difficult for me. I was always categorized as a freak, Goth, or Satan worshiper. I did not wish to be categorized in any of those groups. Over the years I have been turned away by many people. They think that I am a freak and that I will cast a spell on them or something. At lunch time, I would be the kid who sat all the way at the last table. I would sit all the way in one of the corners on the edge of the table. I remember this one time at lunch in 9th grade this girl threw something at me because she did not like my shirt. I cried the whole bus ride home. I did not understand why someone would do that to some one. I did not talk to no one. I also have even been turned away from all sorts of jobs. For example, last month I went to Salisbury Chevrolet and talked to the owner of the shop. He told me that I would be an ideal employee, but I have to get rid of all of my piercings.

Is Rationalisation A Desireable Strategy For Junction Hotel

This essay will be discussing the affects that Junction Hotel would sustain if they were to implement rationalisation as a strategy. Julien Freund (1968) defines rationalisation as â€Å"the organization of life through a division and coordination of activities on the basis of exact study of men's relations with each other, with their tools and their environment, for the purpose of achieving greater efficiency and productivity. † Junction Hotel has recently suffered a fall in customer demand due to the current economic recession; with a new owner and uncertain hierarchical roles within the hotel, their revenue is decreasing rapidly.Through the use of rationalisation, the hotel overall may become more efficient and reduce costs. However, this strategy may have a negative effect on the staff, causing some staff members to become demotivated and inefficient. After various ownership changes the hotel is now owned by second chance consortium, run by business entrepreneur Simon Chan ce. The entrepreneur has analysed the current hotels condition, including all staff members and has highlighted the high amount of stress levels and confusion in management within departments.This creates a negative effect as staff members take situations into their own control. Further evaluating Junction Hotels poor hierarchy structure has caused unnecessary amounts of pressure around the organisation and confusion within the staff as to who their boss actually is. The implications of an unorganised structure of the Junction Hotel have occurred overtime allowing Simon Chance to come to a conclusion that a new change and strategy needs to be applied; thus throughout the essay the strategy of rationalisation will be analysed in terms of its reflected  efficiency within the business.Rationalisation towards the Junction Hotel organisation as a method itself can provide a positive outlook for a strategy as it links to bureaucracy which provides more of a hierarchical structure, a key fundamental element in which the organisation is lacking. This is easily noticeable in junction hotel by such things as, the current general manager Meg never applying an organisational chart towards the business as she sees it unnecessary by having a social leadership style.Rationalisation has been a desirable strategy to an extent for many organisations. An example is Henry Ford (1950) who created the assembly line approach, where products were able to be sent down an assembly line in smaller parts in order to break down a larger process, this allowed production speeds to increase through a more efficient manner. Ford’s theory implied that using rationalisation would reduce overall cost through lean production. Lean production is a process that’s aim is to eliminate any waste, Petterson (2009).The idea is that experienced and trained employees perform repetitive tasks through perfected techniques within their job roles meaning waste would be minimal therefore reduci ng costs spent on materials. This method can be applied to Junction Hotel too, for example in the kitchen the repetition of cooking and preparing food in an assembly line approach will help increase efficiency and speed up the process without having a negative effect on quality, thus through the use of lean production the hotel can reduce cost per customer and reduce waste.Another excellent example of this is the worldwide organisation ‘McDonald’s’ where Rationalisation has a more sociological term as ‘Mcdonaldization’ which was first introduced towards food restaurants by Ray Kroc (1950) this gives us an insight to how McDonalds has similarities towards Henry Ford’s production methods. Although analysing rationalisation as a concept shows clear advantages, there can be potential drawbacks that some theorists may argue. Morgan (2006) also evaluated rationalisation in his articles thinking of organisations more as machines in a semiautonomous m anner making employees ‘behave as if they were parts of machines’.Analysing a more humanist approach he argued how treating people as a machine is degrading towards the human spirit. Furthermore Elton mayo (1984) investigated against rationalisation approach using the ‘Hawthorne experiments’ concluding how managers or observers aswell as colleagues can affect how well people work. Morgan (2006) also looked into human minds and behaviour and argued that even though machines have an everyday use in society negative effects can occur such as affecting the ‘human spirit’ in routinized activities.Rationalisation as an approach towards Junction Hotel can show its advantages in efficiency levels however; even efficiency is not always affected in a positive way as Ritzer (2011) explains using the organisation McDonald’s as his focus, constructing social theories in the organisation about how people’s creativity can be restrained in the re petitive workforce. Ritzer (2011) explains his theory upon how individuals in the workplace are affected by a more psychological perspective.Thinking about the rationalisation approach towards the Junction Hotel may not only limit staff member’s creativity, but make the current workplace more repetitive and therefore dull. Increasing managing customers in an efficient time may also create a negative affect by increasing the workload per person present. Further negative effects from this may also demotivate staff members and cause higher stress levels, already currently indicated from Junction Hotel by the deputy manager Linda Wilkinson.A rationalisation approach towards Junction Hotel as its own concept can show many negative implications however to analyse and overcome the potential disadvantages, linking motivation and personality theories can help manage an overall more efficient approach. Rationalisation can create a dull and repetitive workforce. To help overcome this, f inancial motivational techniques can be applied such as ‘piece pay’ addressed by Cheung (1982), as a fixed amount of workers motivated by the level of output they produce per employee. However this is only an effective approach if money is the element of motivation.Further examples of motivation by financial factors can be bonuses or commission which apply mainly towards sales roles, also motivation can be used with allowances which can include travel as a reward or even medical, to also help show the organisation cares about the well-being of their employees. The examples just discussed show motivational techniques and delegate more time into applying effort towards the Junction Hotels employee job satisfaction; however they can also be ineffective if they are not applied efficiently.An example can be simply advertising a reward appropriately to employees as the reward scheme could not seem as encouraging, initially just decreasing the business profits. However adverti sing the bonus to show the appreciation, rewards individuals instead of groups so each member provides full contribution. Some further disadvantages to consider towards motivational techniques are employees may compare their pay with others creating a demotivating effect.However as the hotel is financially unstable it may not be wise to constantly use financial methods in order to save costs. There are also non-financial methods of motivation. Looking into methods from Kohn (1998) for motivational factors he has evaluated as a ‘longer lasting’ effect. Further examples are; job enlargement to broaden tasks, this helps to reduce repetitive behaviour, job rotation to increase employee’s interest by moving employees through a range of jobs and job enrichment to create greater responsibility and trust.Another example of a non-financial method is team working and empowerment, which will help communication within staff members therefore they can plan their work with pro blems that may occur in the working environment. Relating the non-financial motivational techniques towards Junction Hotel can create job satisfaction and a positive outlook from employees towards the company. However there can be limitations from different individual point of views as Edward and Ryan (1972) discuss how human motivation requires consideration upon psychological needs to the approach; therefore personality also links to motivational techniques.Various types of theories analyse motivational strategies including the famous Abraham Maslow (1964) hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s eight step model is a clear example of analysing motivation with personality by relating it to individual development. Being a humanist psychologist he relates the hierarchy example to realities of personal experiences. Another interesting theory is Frederick Herzberg (1959) looking at views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.Herzberg has a completely different theory compared to Maslow decid ing to separate his theory into two which are hygiene factors that are more basic fundamental needs for motivation but are not long term and motivational factors for positive employee satisfaction and superior performance. Another theory to illustrate separating two fundamental theories are called the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ theory. The differences between the two theories are one management style applicable for individuals as an authoritarian management style also known as the ‘X’ theory.This analyses a type of person that may need more force or punishment and needs to be directed. The second type of management style is participative management style known as the ‘Y’ theory, which looks more into individuals that are naturally committed to the organisation and have their own self direction. Maslow, Herzberg and Douglas all have similar theories, finding the link between personality and motivation is an important factor to overall help increas e efficiency from employees in the workplace aswell as creating job satisfaction from individuals.There are some criticisms to each theorist for example how Maslow theory is rather broad using his pyramid technique with assumptions that may not necessarily apply to everyone. Herzberg has initially provided a theory which has limitations. This is because although the theory will work a strategy it will vary upon individuals or external factors such as the environment or simply the mood that particular individual is feeling that day . This means individuals can vary and become satisfied or dissatisfied at various days throughout the year because of emotions.At the same time criticisms of Douglas McGregory’s theory (2006) were by his assumptions towards individuals that do not like to work or avoid work and the assumption individuals do not want responsibility. Although evaluating these criticisms about how Maslow, Herzberg and McGregory are fairly broad, they don’t cover all aspects of individual perspectives in a workplace. However, it still provides a beneficial insight into trying to effectively manage employees, which can also be applied to benefit Junction Hotel.Furthermore there many types of theories which link towards motivation. A further theory is ‘Process Theory’ and ‘Content Theory’. Process theory analysing a process that occurs within the individual, discussed by John Stacey Adams (1964) who proposed a theory based on individuals and their relationships with others, aswell as stress levels affecting work negatively. Content theory however defines motivation in terms of the individuals needs for satisfaction.This theory of motivation links more towards the previous theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with job satisfaction and individual development. This can be applied to Junction Hotel to help the business acknowledge what motivates their employees to increase efficiency. From assessing various motiv ational theories individual differences have indicated personality is also an important factor within trying to improve job satisfaction for employees within the junction hotel. A further set of approaches when looking into personalities can be Nomothetic, ideographic, and  social–radical.The approach known as nomothetic is a psychologists study upon what we share with others and what makes the specific individual person unique. The nomothetic approach to personality discussed by Whitcomb and Merrell (2013), identifies personality traits and uses group data for its findings to help predict human behaviour and emotional variances, for example questionnaires. Idiographic however by analysing uniqueness in individuals which were affected by past experiences, thus affecting the present behaviour in different situations.Idiographic is much more difficult to measure as there is so many various effects that can effect an individual’s response. The social approach to persona lity is also an important factor as Kohn (1999) discusses individuals to be ‘self- directed in their own orientation’ . This is an excellent example of a link towards Douglas and his ‘Y’ theory, analysing naturally committed self-direction from individuals. Applying nomothetic idiographic or social radical theories towards Junction Hotel can improve the social relationship between staff members.The approaches to observing the unique individual differences in the working environment can create a positive and comfortable atmosphere for employees, therefore improving motivation and efficiency within the working environment. Personality can be complex because of individual opinions between employees within the Junction Hotel, but it can also be affected by the situation. For example Kohlberg used his six stages of development to cover the personality changes, where when questioned and challenged he found it can provide more motivation.His stages reflect the bro ader viewpoints analysing each person in his study that is ‘free to pursue his or her individual interests’ Crain (1985). The Junction Hotel can measure personality by various strategies such as observations, interviews, group activities and questionnaires; however the two main types of collecting information when measuring personality can be quantitative and qualitative data. Qualitative data measures personality based on opinions and views, whereas quantitative data uses an analysis of statistical information.Quantitative data is a more measurable type of strategy because numbers can be easily calculated to provide an effective conclusion such as in a questionnaire, compared to qualitative data because people do not always respond in the same way in opinions. However both types of strategies can be criticised as false results can be produced because of personal and individual reasons. An example for this is false data from feedback that can be a result from embarrassm ent, creating an ineffective strategy.This show’s because of individual complexity Junction hotel should use various methods as techniques to help measure personality traits. By relating personality changes to situations in the Junction Hotel it shows its importance by indicating the deputy manager’s stressful situation of becoming overworked. This can affect the hotel negatively by allowing her to make poor decisions when in leadership of departments within the organisation. From an overall perspective using the strategy rationalisation as a concept can provide both advantages and disadvantages.The use of rationalisation would help increase consistency to Junction Hotel by creating a better hierarchy flow within the organisation to ensure any issues are dealt with more directly to managers, allowing staff to delegate their efficiency in the workplace. However, although the hotel will have an improved organisational structure it is important to maximise efficiency by l ooking at employee’s perspectives to help eliminate the dehumanizing effect from rationalisation.This is improved by using motivational techniques for job satisfaction aswell using judgement on personality techniques, which is a key element in helping the managers improve their leadership styles aswell as providing a positive environment; thus giving the hotel its prestigious and inviting image that Simon Chance has begun to develop, to which he has named as ‘Golden Standard Service’ providing the hotel to thrive and become competitive. However by implementing rationalisation as a strategy judging by the location within a competitive city, Junction Hotel may become more of a routinized, predictable common franchise.To help increase long term efficiency the hotel must apply a better unique selling point; therefore the use of rationalisation as a strategy can only be applied to an extent. Junction Hotel, located in London is the capital of the United Kingdom and th erefore generates a broader wealthy sector of customers. Applying a unique selling point towards a wealthy target market can therefore help increase the Junction Hotel customer base, by adapting to the main customers behavioural characteristics that attract them to business.An example to help target this specific sector of customers is providing low cost luxury benefits and appearances within the hotel, for a more comforting stay. This increases the organisations opportunity to target upper class customer’s aswell as their unique selling point providing a competitive edge however, this contradicts rationalisation by altering customer needs in forms of luxury in order to maximise customer satisfaction.To conclude although personality and motivational factors can help increase efficiency from the routinized strategy of rationalisation, the strategy can only partially be used, as long term efficiency also determines external factors for a more effective approach. For long term e fficiency and longevity for Junction Hotel as an organisation, the hotel would need to adapt to the individual personalities of employees within the organisation in order to drive motivation aswell as implementing a unique selling point for a target market such as businessmen or women.

Noun and Ans

GRAMMAR Topics: †¢ A or an †¢ Sentences using Yes, it is/No, it isn’t †¢ Sentences using Yes, they are/No, they aren’t †¢ Singular Plural †¢ Punctuation †¢ My Favorite Fruit (Essay) †¢ This is, There is/These are, There are †¢ My Mom (Essay) †¢ Noun †¢ Proper Nouns †¢ Verb †¢ Sentences using can/can’t †¢ My Pet (Essay) †¢ Words/Opposites †¢ Masculine/Feminine †¢ Comprehension Unit 0: Topic 1: A or an Definition: Exercise: (in copy) Q1: Fill in the blanks with a or an? 1. It’s a mat. 2. This is an umbrella. 3. It’s a book. 4. It’s an orange. 5. This is a fish. 6. It’s a tree. 7. It’s a cup. . This is an egg. 9. This is a pencil. 10. It’s an insect. Topic 2: Introducing â€Å"Myself† 1. My name is _____________. 2. I am ___________ years old. 3. I like to _________________. 4. I live with my _____________. 5. There are __________ people i n my family. 6. I live in _________. Topic 3: Sentences using â€Å"Yes, it is/No, it isn’t† 1. Is it a mat? *. Yes, it is. 2. Is it an orange? * No, it isn’t. 3. Is it an apple? * Yes, it is. 4. Is it a rat? *. No, it isn’t. 5. Is it an egg? * Yes, it is. 6. Is it a cat? *. No, it isn’t. †Topic 4: â€Å"Singular / Plural† Definition: Singular |Plural | | | | |Cat |Cats | |Hat |Hats | |Pencil |Pencils | |Book |Books | |Door |Doors | |Egg |Eggs | |Banana |Bananas | |Rat |Rats | |Tree |Trees | |Biscuit |Biscuits | Topic 5: â€Å"Punctuation† Definition: Example: 1. Monkeys live in the trees. 2. I am a boy. 3. Dog is an animal. Exercise (in copy) Q1: Use capital letters and full stop. 1. there are two apples *. There are two apples. 2. sky is blue *. Sky is blue. 3. honey is sweet *. Honey is sweet. 4. ali has a pencil *. Ali has a pencil. 5. he was born in karachi *. He was born in Karachi. Work Sheet Punctuation Marks R ewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables __________________________________________________________________________ 2. this kite belongs to ali _________________________________________________________________________ 3. i like to paint and read books __________________________________________________________________________ 4. he is eating __________________________________________________________________________ 5. rana has a new bicycle __________________________________________________________________________ 6. i will go to school tomorrow __________________________________________________________________________ Work Sheet Punctuation Marks Rewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables I like to eat vegetables. 2. this kite belongs to ali This kite belongs to Ali. 3. like to paint and read books I like to paint and read books. 4. he is eating He is eating. 5. rana has a new bicycle Rana has a n ew bicycle. 6. i will go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow. Topic 6: â€Å"MY FAVORITE FRUIT† (ESSAY) 1. My favorite fruit is apple. 2. It is red in colour. 3. It has many seeds. 4. Its taste is sweet. 5. I like it very much. â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts.One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Where did she live? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q5: How did Cindy punish them?Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Key Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts. One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: Cindy was a little fairy. Q2: Where did she live? Ans: She lived in a little house in the forest.Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: There were four squirrels. Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: They left the nutshells all over the house. Q5: How did Cindy punish them? Ans: She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. Topic 7: â€Å"This is, There is† â€Å"These are, There are† Definition: â€Å"Sentences on â€Å"This is† 1. This is a book. 2. This is a clock. 3. This is a pencil. 4. This is an orange. 5. This is an egg. Sentences on â€Å"There is† 1. There is a glass. 2. There is an umbrella. 3. There is an aeroplane. 4. There is a ruler. 5. There is a leaf. Sentences â€Å"These are† 1. These are apple. 2. These are cats. 3. These are buttons. 4. These are doors. 5.These are pins. Sentences on â€Å"There are† 1. There are two cups. 2. There are three balls. 3. There are some kites. 4. There are four fishes. 5. There are five tins. Topic 8: â€Å"MY MOM†(Essay) 1. My Momâ₠¬â„¢s name is ________________________. 2. She is ________ year old. 3. She is very beautiful. 4. She cooks food very tasty. 5. She takes care of me. 6. I love my mom very much. Topic 9: â€Å"Noun† Definition: Example: Sara, Table, Cat, Karachi. Q1: Underline the mouse? 1. I have a pencil. 2. Sara is reading a book. 3. The hen has a pen. 4. Fish lives in water. 5. He went to Islamabad. 6. Ali and Tom are friends. 7. This jug is big. 8. I like to eat pizza. Note: Pencil, Sara, book, hen, pen, fish, Islamabad, Ali Tom, jug, pizza are nouns) * Topic 10: â€Å"PROPER NOUNS† Definition: Example: 1. Tom and Jerry. 2. Monday. 3. July 4. Summer. 5. Lahore. â€Å"Exercise† Q1: Circle the Proper nouns? School, bag,Lahore, cake, Monday, van, pen, Donald Duck, ruler, Winter, shoes, March, book, America, bell, cup, Edison. Note: (Lahore, Monday, Donald Duck, Winter, March, America, Edison are proper nouns) Topic 11: â€Å"VERB† Definition: Example: 1. Eating. 2. Drin king. 3. Sleeping. 4. Reading. 5. Playing. Q1: Underline the verbs? 1. She is eating a cake. 2. They are going in a garden. 3. We are reading books. 4. You are laughing. 5. He is playing football. 6. Ali is crying. Note: eating, going, reading, laughing, playing, crying, are Verb) Topic 12: â€Å"SENTENCES USING CAN/CAN’T† Definition: Example: 1. I can sleep. 2. I can play. 3. I can’t swim. 1. Can a cat run? *. Yes, it can. 2. Can a bee swim? *. No, it can’t. 3. Can you play football? *. Yes, I can. 4. Can you jump? *. Yes, I can. 5. Can you cook food? *. No, I can’t. Topic 13 : |Animals |Sounds | |Cat. |mew. | |Dog |bark. | |Hen |cluck. |Cow |moo. | |Goat |bleat | |Duck |quack. | |Wolf |howl. | |Horse |neigh. | |Donkey |bray. | |Snake |hiss. | Topic 14: Words / Opposites |Words Opposite | |On |Off | |In |Out | |Up |Down | |Come |Go | |Black |White | |Sit |Stand | |Dry |Wet | |Old |New | |Hard |Soft | |Near |Far | Topic 15: Masculine / F eminine Masculine |Feminine | |He |She | |Boy |Girl | |Father |Mother | |Brother |Sister |Son |Daughter | |Man |Woman | |King |Queen | |Bull |Cow | |Sir |Madam | |Horse |Mare | Topic 16: COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper. The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Who were the two friends? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________Q3: What kind of an insect was the ant? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q4: Wh ere did the ant bring back its food? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† KEY Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper.The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: Two friends lived in the jungle. Q2: Who were the two friends? Ans: They were the ant and the grasshopper. Q3: What kind of an ins ect was the ant? Ans: The ant was hard working. Q4: Where did the ant bring back its food? Ans: The ant brought back its food to its nest. Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: The grasshopper was a lazy insect.Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: It loved to sing all long. ———————– â€Å"A† is used before consonant. â€Å"An† is used before vowels. Vowels a, e, i , o u Singular means one thing. Plural means more than one thing. Every sentences should begin with a capital latter and end with a full stop. â€Å"This is and there is, are used with one thing†. There are and these are used with two or more things. Word that name things are called â€Å"Nouns†. Names of people, days, months, cities and seasons are a special kind of noun. They are called â€Å"Proper noun†. Doing words are called â€Å"Verbs†. We use â€Å"can† to talk about things that people are able to do.

Understanding Nominal Interest Rates

Understanding Nominal Interest Rates Nominal interest rates are the rates advertised for investments or loans that do not factor in the rate of inflation. The primary difference between nominal interest rates and real interest rates is, in fact, simply whether or not they factor in the rate of inflation in any given market economy. It is, therefore, possible to have a nominal interest rate of zero or even a negative number if the rate of inflation is equal to or less than the interest rate of the loan or investment; a zero nominal interest rate occurs when the  interest rate  is the same as the inflation rate - if inflation is 4% then interest rates are 4%. Economists have a variety of explanations for what causes a zero interest rate to occur, including whats known as a liquidity trap, which predictions of market stimulus fail, resulting in an economic recession because of consumers and investors hesitation to let go of liquidated capital (cash in hand). Zero Nominal Interest Rates   If you lent or borrowed for a year at a zero real interest rate, you would be exactly back where you started at the end of the year. I loan $100 to someone, I get back $104, but now what cost $100 before costs $104 now, so Im no better off. Typically nominal interest rates are positive, so people have some incentive to lend money. During a recession, however, central banks tend to lower nominal interest rates in order to spur investment in machinery, land, factories, and the like. In this scenario, if they cut interest rates too quickly, they can start to approach the level of inflation, which will  often arise when interest rates are cut since these cuts have a stimulative effect on the economy. A rush of money flowing into and out of a system could flood its gains and result in net losses for lenders when the market inevitably stabilizes. What Causes a Zero Nominal Interest Rate? According to some economists, a zero nominal interest rate can be caused by a liquidity trap: The Liquidity trap is a Keynesian idea; when expected returns from investments in securities or real plant and equipment are low, investment falls, a recession begins, and cash holdings in banks rise; people and businesses then continue to hold cash because they expect spending and investment to be low - this is a self-fulfilling trap. There is a way we can avoid the liquidity trap and, for real interest rates to be negative, even if nominal interest rates are still positive - it occurs if investors believe currency will rise in the future.​ Suppose the nominal interest rate on a bond in Norway is 4%, but inflation in that country is 6%. That sounds like a bad deal for a Norwegian investor because by buying the bond their future real purchasing power would decline. However, if an American investor and thinks the Norwegian krone is going to increase 10% over the U.S. dollar, then buying these bonds is a good deal. As you might expect this is more of a theoretic possibility that something that occurs regularly in the real world. However, it did take place in Switzerland in the late 1970s, where investors bought negative nominal interest rate bonds because of the strength of the Swiss franc.

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar What famous events happened in the calendar month of April concerning patents, trademarks, and copyrights? Find out who patented roller skates, and discover which famous inventor has the same April birthday as you or what invention was created on your April birthday. April Calendar of Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights April 1 1953- Arthur Millers The Crucible, a play in four acts based on the Salem witch trials of the 17th century and referencing the then-current plague of McCarthyism, was copyrighted. April 2 1889- Charles Hall patented an inexpensive method for the production of aluminum, which brought the metal into wide commercial use. April 3 1973- Francis W. Dorion was granted patent #3,724,070 for a dual razor blade assembly. April 4 1978- Francisco Garcia was granted patent #4,081,909 for orthodontic pliers. April 5 1881- Edwin Houston and Elihu Thomson were granted a patent for a centrifugal separator: the creamer.   April 6 1869- Isaac Hodgson received patent #88,711 for the roller skate. April 7 1896- Tolbert Lanston was issued a patent for a monotype printing  press. April 8 1766- The first fire escape was patented- the contraption was a wicker basket on a pulley with a chain.1997- Hooshang  Bral received a patent for an automatically rinsing baby bottle. April 9 1974- Phil Brooks received a patent for a disposable syringe, although intravenous injections and infusion began as early as 1670. April 10 1849- Walter Hunt patented the first safety pin, based in part on the Roman brooch known as a fibula. Hunt also invented several other famous things, all of which he gave up on before seeing any profit. April 11 1893- Frederic Ives patented the process for a half-tone printing press. April 12 1988- Drs. Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart on behalf of Harvard University were issued the first patent, #4,736,866, for a new animal life form: a genetically altered mouse. April 13 1990- The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie was copyrighted. April 14 1964- Paul Winchell (a ventriloquist whose main dummy was Jerry Mahoney) was granted patent #3,129,001 for an inverted novelty mask. April 15 1997- Bertram Burke received a patent for an automatic philanthropic contribution system called the MILLIONAIRES CLUB. April 16 1867- Wilbur and his brother Orville Wright invented the airplane, which they called a flying machine.1997- James Watkins received a patent for confetti that flutters and darts. April 17 1875- Snooker, a variation of pool, was invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain.1908- The song Hail Hail the Gangs All Here was copyrighted. April 18 1916- Irving Langmuir received a patent for an incandescent gas lamp. Some of his other accomplishments include atomic-hydrogen welding and contributions to the development of the radio vacuum tube. April 19 1939- John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath was copyrighted. April 20 1897 -  Simon Lake was granted a patent for an even keel submarine. April 21 1828- Noah Webster published the first American dictionary.1857- Albert Douglas patented a ladies bustle.1931- Ester Kiefer received a patent for ornamental paper. April 22 1864- The United States minted the first coin with In God We Trust on it.1884- John Golding patented a process for metallic silk screening.1955- Congress declared that all U.S. coins would be minted with In God We Trust on them. April 23 1964- My Fair Lady, the movie based on a musical version of George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion, was registered.1985- The trade secret New Coke formula was released. Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia. The famous trademark name was a suggestion given by Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. April 24 1907- Anchors Aweigh, the march and two-step by Chas. A. Zimmerman, was copyrighted. April 25 1961- Robert Noyce was granted a patent for a semiconductor device-and-lead structure, the integrated circuit otherwise known as the chip. Noyce was the co-founder of Intel Corporation. April 26 1881- Frederick Allen patented a life raft.1892- Sarah Boone patented an ironing board. April 27 1920- Elijah McCoy received a patent for an air-brake pump lubricator. April 28 1908- Leonard Dyer obtained a patent for an automobile transmission. April 29 1873- Eli Janney received a patent for automatic railroad car couplings. April 30 1935- Patent #2,000,000 was issued to Joseph Ledwinka for vehicle wheel construction. April Birthdays April 1 1578- English physician William Harvey, who discovered blood circulation.1858- Italian sociologist Gaetano Mosca, who wrote the Circulation of Elite.1865- Germany chemist Richard Zsigmondy won the Nobel Prize in 1925.1887- American philologist and linguist Leonard Bloomfield dominated the science of linguistics.1922- American computer scientist Alan Perlis was best known for his pioneering work in  programming languages. April 2 1618- Mathematician and physicist Francesco M. Grimaldi discovered light diffraction.1841- French engineer and inventor Clement Ader is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation and as a mechanical and electrical genius.1875- Walter Chrysler founded the Chrysler car company.1900- German musicologist Heinrich Besseler is best known for his Medieval, Baroque and   Renaissance music.1922- Russian atomic physicist Nikolaj G.  Bassov  worked with  lasers  and won the Nobel Prize in 1964.1948- Noted astronomer and educator Eleanor Margaret Burbridge was the first woman to be appointed to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. April 3 1837- Writer and nature enthusiast John Burroughs had the Burroughs Medal named after him.1934- British ethologist  Jane Goodall studied African chimps. April 4 1809- American mathematician and astronomer Benjamin Pierce contributed to studies in celestial mechanics, algebra, number theory and philosophy of mathematics.1821- Linus Yale  was an American portrait painter and inventor who invented the Yale cylinder lock.1823- Karl Wilhelm Siemens was an inventor who laid undersea cables.1826- Zenobe Theophile Gramme invented an electric motor.1881- Encyclopedist Charles Funk produced Funk and Wagnalls.1933- English manufacturer Robin Phillips invented a hand-dryer. April 5 1752- Sebastien Erard invented improved pianos and harps.1838- American invertebrate paleontologist Alpheus Hyatt made important contributions to the study of invertebrate fossils.1899- American inventor Alfred Blalocks invention ushered in the era of cardiac surgery.1951- Dean Kamen  invented the  Segway, and several other things, including the AutoSyringe, a mobile dialysis system, and the first wearable insulin pump.1954- Computer programmer Michael W. Butler invented the TODAY program. April 6 1920- Swiss scientist Edmond H. Fischer won the 1992 Nobel Prize in medicine with Edwin Krebs for their discoveries in reversible protein phosphorylation.1928- Chemist James D. Watson co-discovered the structure of DNA.1953- American inventor Andy Hertzfeld was a co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh; he started a new company called General Magic. April 7 1775- American businessman  Francis Cabot Lowell  invented the first raw cotton-to-cloth textile mill.1859- Walter Camp  was the father of American football and invented many of the rules.1860- Noted American vegetarian  Will Keith Kellogg  was the founder of the Kellogg Company and invented a process of making flaked cereal, corn flakes, for use as a healthy breakfast cereal.1869- American botanist explorer David Grandison Fairchild brought new plants into the United States.1890- Noted environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas was nicknamed the First Lady of the Everglades. April 8 1869- American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing did the first blood pressure studies.1907- Noted chemist Maurice Stacey is known for his contributions to carbohydrate chemistry.1911- American chemist Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on photosynthesis. April 9 1806- Isambard Kingdom Brunel invented the first Trans-Atlantic steamer.1830- Eadweard Muybridge  pioneered the study of  motion photography.1919- John Presper Eckert was the co-inventor of the first  all-electronic  computer called the ENIAC. April 10 1755- German physician Samuel Hahnemann invented homeopathy.1917- Organic chemist Robert Burns Woodward won the Nobel prize in 1965. April 11 1899- Chemist  Percy L. Julian  invented a drug for the treatment of arthritis called cortisone. 1901- Adriano Olivetti was an Italian engineer and manufacturer of typewriters. April 12 1884- German psychologist and biochemist Otto Meyerhof won the Nobel Prize in 1922.1926- James Hillman is credited with developing archetypal psychology. April 13 1832- British designer and inventor James Wimshurst invented the electrostatic generator.1899- Alfred Moser Butts invented the game Scrabble. April 14 1886- American psychologist Edward C. Tolman created behaviorism. April 15 1452- Italian painter  Leonardo da Vinci  was also an inventor. April 16 1682- John Hadley invented the first reflecting  telescope.1867- ​Wilbur Wright  co-invented the first manned and engined airplane. April 17 1934- Don Kirshner invented bubblegum music. April 18 1905- Medical research pioneer George Herbert Hitchings was renowned for developing drugs for several major diseases and was co-winner of the Nobel Prize in 1988. April 19 1768- English entomologist and botanist Adrian H. Haworth was known for his work with succulent plants.1877- Ole Evinrude  invented the outboard marine engine1912- American chemist Glen T. Seaborg discovered plutonium and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951.1931- American computer scientist Fred Brooks is best known for managing the development of IBMs   System/360 computers. April 20 1745- Physician Philippe Pinel is considered the founder of psychiatry. 1921- Donald Gunn MacRae is a noted sociologist.1927- Swiss superconductivity physicist Karl Alex Muller won the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in a new class of materials.1934- Lindsay Oliver John Boynton is a noted furniture historian. April 21 1782- German educator Friedrich W.A. Frobel invented kindergarten.1849- German embryologist Oskar Hertwig discovered fertilization.1913- Biochemist Choh Hao Li isolated growth hormones. April 22 1799- Physician and physiologist Jean Poiseuille discovered blood pressure.1853- French anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon devised the crime ID system.1876- Sweden otologist Robert Barany was a vestibular expert who won the Nobel Prize in 1914.1919- American biochemist Donald Cram won the Nobel Prize in 1987.1929- Margaret Pereira was a noted forensic scientist. April 23 1858- German physicist Max Planck wrote the Planck Constant and won the Nobel Prize in 1918.1917- Nuclear physicist Jacob Kistemaker invented an  ultracentrifuge. April 24 1620- Statistician John Graunt founded the science of demography.1743- Edmund Cartwright  invented the power loom.1914- Justin Wilson invented Wise  Potato Chips. April 25 1769- Mark Isambard Brunel was a noted engineer and inventor.1825- Charles Ferdinand Dowd standardized time zones.1874- Guglielmo Marconi  invented a radio system and won a Nobel Prize in 1909.1900- Swiss-American physicist Wolfgang Pauli discovered the Pauli inhibition and won a Nobel Prize in 1945. April 26 1879- English physicist Owen Williams Richardson won a Nobel Prize in 1928. April 27 1896- Wallace Hume Carothers invented nylon.1903- Biochemist Hans Walter Kosterliz is best known as one of the key discoverers of endorphins.1791- Inventor  Samuel Finley Breece Morse  was born. April 28 1846- Swedish astronomer Johann E. Backlund discovered planets and asteroids.            1882- Italian industrialist Alberto Pirelli joined the family small rubber factory in Italy- the first of its kind- and was active in international affairs.   April 29 1893- Physicist Harold C. Urey discovered Deuterium and won a Nobel Prize in 1934. April 30 1777- Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered the worlds greatest mathematician.